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transmitter and receiver where it divides its services to areas which had smaller called cells Each cell consists of a receiver and transmitter power low self-called 'Radio Base Station' (RBS) for enable it to provide services
Sel
MT SO
Each cell is connected by telephone lines or microwave the Main Control Center, known as "Mobile Telephone Switching Office '(MTSO).
Recipients in each cell will monitor the signal strength of the unit mobile. When signal strength falls to a level below from the prescribed level, or reference, it automatically be switched at a higher level through the nearest RBS.
I. Unit Mobile :
Is station-guard cells outside the 'Site controller' functioning as instructions from the MTSO.
Each channel using the radio found in every cell that includes voice channels and control channels
Supervise the call which includes monitoring on speech quality and measurement on the strength of the voice signal.
Send and receive voice signals and data from or to the user.
A mobile switching center acting as the heart of digital system Perform the switching of connection and disconnection between cellular networks the public telephone network. Receive and process data received from the RBS include the status of mobile units, diagnostic data, information for billing, data text and so on.
Implementing supervisory determine and update locations of mobile units when there is movement from one cell to cell.
Implementing the flow to determine appropriate cells and radio channels required when the call to be made.
transmitter Frequency Synthesizer Receiver Logic Unit Control Unit Cell phone
TRANSMITTER.
Low-
power FM transmitters, frequency range 825MHz to 845 MHz. Has a transmission channel 666 at a distance of 30 kHz each other. Power emissions: Mobile radio = 3 W Mobile phone = 500 mW
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER.
To
Using
a PLL circuit (Phase Locked Loop), where the oscillator frequency required hablor provide.
RECEIVER.
Is a trade-twin (dual-conversion) superhetrodin. Frequency range = 870.03 MHz to 870.98 MHz. There are 666 channel receiver at 30 kHz frequency range of each other. For each channel, the frequency of transmission and receiving distinguished at a distance of 45 MHz. For example; at a frequency transmission channel is 825.03MHz while the frequency of acceptance for Channel 1 is 870.03 MHz, the indigois the difference between these two is 45 MHz.
LOGICAL UNIT.
Contains
the main control circuit for cellular units This section uses the RAM and ROM microprocessor. Contains an additional circuit which is used to interpret signals from the MTSO or cells, and generate control signals for the transmitter and receiver.
CONTROL UNIT.
Contains
a speaker, microphone and touch-tone dialing circuit (touchtone). Microprocessor to control the LCD display and indicators on the mobile unit. Microprocessor memory capable of storing the frequently called number s and the automatic dialing system.
3.3
RADIO CHANNELS
Radio channels
Is a two way radio emission path between the RBS (Radio Base Station) and mobile units. ~ each channel uses different frequencies for transmission from the RBS ~another transmission from mobile unit to RBS Use different frequencies to avoid interference or overlapping signal transmitter and receiver The same frequencies can be used by other cells that are far away from each other
Vessels that carry signals used during the conversation and the conversationtook place Each cell usually has between seven to 23 voice channels
Voice channels
Besides bringing the conversation signals, the channel also serves as a gateway to:
a) b) c) d)
Tone generator SAT (Supervisory Audio Tone)\ Data order Signaling tone detection Ringging delivery order
Antenna
In a Radio Base Station (RBS), there are two types of antenna used: Omnidirectional Directional
Antenna is used as a medium of communication between the receiver and transmitter signal.
Omnidirectional Antenna
It transmitting equally in all directions Usually used in rural areas. Using only one element. It covered a circular shape area, with the base station placed in the middle.
Directional Antenna
Transmitting signal at certain direction. Three antennas needed in 120 arrangement and close to each other. Used in turban areas which support a lot of suscriber.
antenna
cell
Directional Antenna
Roaming
All cellular system provide a service called roaming. This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is subscribed. When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is different from its home service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service area. This is accomplished over the FCC ( Federal Communications Commission ), since each roamer is camped on to an FCC at all times. Once registered, roaming mobiles are allowed to receive and place calls from that area, and billing is routed automatically to the subscribers home service provider.
Figure 6.1: Block diagram of a cellular radio network includes roaming concept
Paging is the process when you receiving calls, your cellular phone will be giving signal which means there is incoming call. Were control channel message which contains Identity Number Telephone Cellular (Mobile Identification Number) and indirectly, it tell that the existence of incoming call.
SEE UR
Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, system operators developed the idea of cell splitting.
4.4 : HAND-OFF
y
During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff. The system switches the call to a strongerfrequency channel in a new site without interrupting the call or alerting the user but sometimes user will hear beep when handoff happen.
cellular system's ability to improve again signal that is weak and also detect signal strength compared to noisy that does not require. y SNR ratio is determine in (dB) which is; SNR (dB) = 10 log Signal Power (S) Noisy Power (N)
Example:If the cellular system used a signal power of 18 W and the power of the interference / noise is 0.5W. Calculate the SNR system :
y Answer:-
SNR (dB)
= 10 log
18W 0.5W
= 15.56 dB
In cellular radio system, call can be done between public phones users with cellular telephone users or between two cellular phone. Following show the flow chart:-
Cell site
Audio /Soun d
Radio
TV
Infrar ed
X-ray
Rx (MHz)
Tx (MHz)
Operator A & B can use only 25MHz from radio spectrum 25MHz is divided into two part. 12.5MHz for transmitter operator frequency A and another 12.5MHz for receiver operator frequency B. Each of the Cellular System is spaced 30kHz per-channel. Operator have 416 radio channel (12.5 MHz/30 kHz = 416 channel) 416 channel are divided to 395 voice channel and 21 control channel.
Time Telekom
ATUR 450
450
NMT
011
Maxis Mobile
Maxis
900
GSM
012
STM
TM Touch
1800
PCN
013
Digi 1800
Digi 1800
1800
PCN
016
Time Cel
Time Cel
1800
PCN
017
Mobikom
Mobifon 800
800
AMPS
018
Celcom
Celcom GSM
930
GSM
019
AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System The radio transceivers used with AMPS cellular telephones use narrowband frequency modulation (NBFM) Audio-frequency band 300Hz to 3 kHz and a maximum frequency deviation of 12 kHz for 100% modulation. 666 channels (42 control, 624 voice).
ETACS European Total Access Communication System ETACS is virtually identical to AMPS except ETACS is limited to a 25kHz bandwidth. ETACS also uses a different method of formatting subscriber telephone numbers (called the mobile identification number or MIN) because of the need to accommodate different country codes throughout Europe and area codes in the United States.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) was developed to solve the fragmentation problems. designed to use the services of ISDN to provide a wide range of network services. It uses the 1.71 to 1.785 GHz band for uplink signals (signals from the cell user to the cell site) and 1.805 to 1.88 GHz band for downlink signals (from cell site to user).
PCN (Personal Communications Network) is the European digital cellular mobile telephone network, developed in accordance with GSM standards. Operating frequency - 1.7 to 1.88 GHz Uses 30 GHz or up for microwave back bone system. Covers both small cells and large cells. Coverage inside and outside buildings.
Devices support WAP: Pager two-way radio smart phone communicator Types of information: Pictures Text
i. ii.