Development of the face

Stages of development
1- Stage of processes: y Five processes appear around the stomodium:(one frontonasal +two maxillary + two mandibular). 2- Stage of meeting. 3- Stage of fusion.

Structures contributing to the formation of the face

Process Frontonasal Structures Formed Forehead- tip, dorsum and ala of nose- upper eye lids- philtrum of the upper lip. Lower lids- upper part of the cheeks- lateral part of the upper lip- upper jaw. Lower lip- chin- lower part of the cheeks- lower jaw.

Maxillary

Mandibular

Correlation between sensory nerve supply of the face and its development
The process and its derivatives Frontonasal Nerve supply

Ophthalmic nerve

Maxillary

Maxillary nerve

Mandibular

Mandibular nerve

Congenital anomalies:
1-Cleft upper lip ( hare lip): Due to failure of fusion between maxillary and intermaxillary processes (philtrum and lateral part of upper lip). 2-Oblique facial cleft: Due to failure of fusion between maxillary process and lateral and medial nasal processes. 3-Median cleft lower lip: Due to failure of fusion between the mandibular processes.

4-Macrostomia (larg mouth): Due to arrest of fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes to shift the angle medially >>> very big oral fissure. 5-Microstomia: Due to excessive fusion between the maxillary and mandibular processes >>>>very small oral fissure.

Development of the palate

SStage of processes

Stage of meeting

Stage of fusion

Stages of development
1- Stage of processes: (primitive or primary palate + two palatine processes giving secondary palate). 2- Stage of meeting. 3- Stage of fusion. y Intermaxillary process 1ry palate premaxilla of hard palate Incisive fossa. y Maxillary processes palatine processes 2ry palate meeting& fusion with 1ry palate. y The anterior of the palate ossify hard palate & posterior the soft palate.

Congenital anomalies
1- Cleft palate: a- Bifid uvula. b- Cleft soft palate. c- Cleft soft and hard palate. Due to failure of fusion between the processes. 2- Perforated palate: due to failure of fusion between the two palatine processes at certain points.

Development of tongue

Development of tongue
1- The anterior two thirds: Origin: The 1st Pharyngeal arch (mandibular processes) two lateral lingual processes+ one tuberculum impar meet fuse anterior 2/3 of the tongue U shaped sulcus mobile tongue leaving frenulum linguae. 2- The pharyngeal part (posterior third): Origin: 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arches four swellings meet fuse copula of His posterior third of the tongue. N.B.: 1- The site of fusion between the lateral lingual swelling is indicated by the median sulcus. 2- The site of fusin between anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 is indicated by Y- staped sulcus terminalis.

Muscles of the tongue

y Three or four occipital

myotomes migrate to enter the tongue forming muscles of the tongue. y The occipital myotomes are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve which migrate with them to supply the tongue muscles during their development.

Correlation between development of tongue and its nerve supply

y Anterior 2/3 develop from the first arch

supplied by mandibular nerve and chorda tympani (nerves of 1st arch). y Posterior 1/3 develops from the second and third arches but it is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and internal laryngeal nerves( nerves of the third arch). This is because the element of the third arch grows superficially over the element of the second arch and hid it. y Occipital myotomes are supplied by hypoglossal nerve which migrates with them to supply the tongue muscles.

Congenital anomalies
1- Bifid tongue: Due to incomplete fusion between the two lateral lingual swellings. 2- Trifid tongue: The tuberculum impar elongates& separates the lateral swellings three parts. 3- Tie tongue ( ankyloglossia): due to attachment of frenulum linguae to the tip of the tongue interfere with protrusion and speech. 4- Macroglossia: large tongue. 5- Microglossia: small tongue. 6- Hemiglossia: Non development of one lateral swelling. 7- Aglossia: no tongue.

Thank You
Prof.: Dr. Wafaa Abdel-Rahman