Embedded Systems Development

Andy Mehta
November 23, 2009

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What are Embedded Systems

They are Embedded in They are not desktops Not mainframes or minis Automotive- engine, doors, mirrors A heating furnace controller- Thermostat A mobile phone Medical device DSP based systems Avionics
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Why Use Embedded Systems

User functionality portability User convenience, comfort - HVAC, Auto,
Appliances, GPS, TV remote, DVR, iPod

Low power and safety iron, coffee maker, LED

Lighting

Commercial/industrial applications Complex features to be simplified Replace electro-mechanical systems Cost reduction Quality improvement
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An Embedded System

Inputs

Microcontroller (uC)

Outputs

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An Embedded Control System

Inputs

Microcontroller (uC)

Outputs

Feedback

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Microcontroller Manufacturers
ARM Advanced RISC Machines Atmel Cypress- programmable blocks Freescale Semiconductor- uC, DSP Intel- 8051/8052 cores Microchip NEC Renasas Sharp ST Microelectronics Texas Instruments- uC, DSP Many others
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Microcontrollers Spectrum
$0.15 - $0.20 Far Eastern parts A 4-bit 4-pin $0.35 ST part Musical gift card uC 8-bit 8K flash,1K RAM, 16-I/O 8-Bit, 256K flash, 32K RAM, 64-I/O 32-Bit, 2M Flash, 64K RAM, TPU A high end $50 Marvell processor
GbE, USB HS

DSPs
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A Low End Microcontroller

Flash
256 x 12

Clock Reset Watch Dog RAM

16 Bytes

Microchip PIC10F200

I/O (3)

Input (1)

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PIC10F200 Microcontroller
33 12-bit wide instructions 2-level deep stack 4MHz precision internal clock Sleep mode 100nA Internal pull-ups 3 Input/Output direct LED drive 8-bit Timer programmable prescaler Options Comparator, memory $0.34/3K, $0.59/1
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Microcontroller Functionality
Core processor - Voltages Memory Flash, RAM, EEPROM, FRAM,
DDR2

Input/Output interface voltage Timers Interrupts Serial Communication- SPI, I2C, UART USB, CAN-BUS, IR, SD-Cards Analog A/D, DAC, Comparator, Op-amp
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A Typical Microcontroller
RAM Flash
EEPROM

Clock Reset Power Core

I/O

Timers

Comm

Analog

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Power-On Reset Modules

Internal reset Internal and/or external reset Programmable threshold voltage Programmable duration Programmable Osc startup time Brown-out condition - programmable Hysteresis Watchdog timer
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Battery Powered Applications

Sleep mode Currents down to 20nA All kinds of modes available Reduced clock frequencies Core options Selective peripherals sleep mode Wake up modes clocks, timers, interrupts Watchdog timer
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A Typical Microcontroller
RAM Flash
EEPROM

Clock Reset Power Core

I/O

Timers

Comm

Analog

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A High End Microcontroller

JTAG 2MB Flash 64-Ch DMA 32K Cache NEXUS 64KB SRAM 32-Ch TPU (2)

Freescale 32-Bit MPC5554

CAN Bus (3)

DSP

MMU

A/D 40-Ch

PLL

64-Ch I/O

32-Bit External Bus

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Freescale MPC5554 uC
132MHz, 416-Pin Plastic BGA ECC Flash, SRAM Interrupt controller 286 prioritized leves PLL frequency modulated for EMI Applications Engine control Avionics Turbine control
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Microcontroller Selection Criterion

Speed of operation, complexity 8/16/32 Bits Cost HW/SW tradeoffs Power consumption - TI, Microchip, Freescale Memory Size Flash, RAM, EEPROM # of I/O Analog A/D, DAC, Comparator, Op-amp Serial Communication Product Family
SPI, I2C, USB, IR, GbE

Development tools Timers input capture, output compare Environmental conditions

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Marvell 88F6281
DDR2 Ctlr USB 2.0 HS MPEG Audio Sheeva Core 1.2 GHz 2xTDM Flash Ctlr

PCI-E

2xGbE MAC

2xSATA

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Embedded Systems Development

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Embedded Systems Development System development Electronics PCB Layout Software Mechanical Product qualification DFM design for manufacturability
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System Development Architecture Complexity- MIPS required Sub-systems interface - Master/slave Communication - Networking protocols Power budget HW/SW tradeoffs uC selection System tests regulatory agencies
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Electronics Development Design specs

Design for testability uC and components selection Worst case analyses Schematics CAD tools, Design rule checks Simulations Proof of concept, Prototyping Design validation Product qualification
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Electronics Development Tools Schematic capture- Orcad, PADS, Cadence, Mentor

Analog simulation- pSpice, LTSpice Logic Simulation- Orcad, Cadence, Mentor
VHDL, Verilog

Worst case analyses- simulations Proof of concept, Prototyping DFMEA- UL, agencies approval Reliability predictions - MTBF
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PALs, FPGAs

ASICs & Programmable Logic Application Specific ICs

PAL, PLD, FPGA- uCs with PLDs Gate Arrays Standard Cells Custom ICs Languages- VHDL, Verilog Functional simulation Timing simulations Floor planning Back-annotation

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PCB Layout CAD tools- Orcad, Protel, PADS, Allegro, Mentor

Netlist # of layers Mechanical outline 3D fit Noise considerations- diff-pair, impedance-matching Thermal considerations DRC Gerber output Fabrication
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Real Time Software Development

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Software Development Specs

Architecture SW Design Languages C, C++, Assembly OS Simulations Tools compilers, assemblers, programmers, emulators Real time aspects - ISRs SW/HW tradeoffs System integration
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Real Time Software Development Timers Interrupts Tasks Priorities

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Real Time Software

External Event Timer 1 External Event Timer n

I/O

MicroController Core SW

Prioritized Interrupts

Inputs

Task 1 Task 2 Task n

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Real Time Software Development

Interrupts ISRs
C v/s Assembly Timers input capture and output compare Tasks and priorities RTOS Worst case analysis

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Software Development - Tools

Programmers Emulators- JTAG Simulators Assemblers Compilers Linkers Loaders CASE tools
Version control
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development, in-circuit, field

Case Studies

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Mobile Phone User Interface

Touch Screen Freescale 68HC05 Power Battery Keypad Inputs MicroPhone Freescale Dragonball 68328 LCD Driver Graphics LCD Radio

Speaker

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Mobile Phone Development

3.5 Months total development time

Development involved
HW SW- menus, address book GUI electronic ink capture Plastics industrial design, proto tooling Fonts Phone made and received calls

Project successfully completed

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Postal Mail Sorting Device

Power Supply Postal Mail Pieces

Optical Encoder

Optical Isolation

Freescale 68HCxx

Flash RAM PLD

RS232

PC Application
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Mail Sorter Development

6 Months total development time

Industrial robustness Development involved
HW SW- timers

Project successfully completed Product went to production

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eBook
Rechargeable Battery

PCMCIA Touch Screen

PC/104 Pentium Processor

Video

Xilinx FPGA

Graphics LCD

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eBook

6 Months total development time

Proof of concept Development involved
HW FPGA for orthogonal rotation of image SW- PC Application Industrial design- leather bound covers

Project successfully completed Idea was discarded by the customer

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1GHz Fibre Channel PCI Card

3 Months total HW development time

SAN Storage Area Networking 1GHz Fibre Channel Bus LSI Logic FC controller Technician did the Orcad PCB Layout Windows Driver development

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1GHz Fibre Channel PCI Card

PCI Bus

LSI Logic Controller

FC Transceiver

Fibre Channel Bus

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Q&A Session

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The End.

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