Application of GIS & Remote Sensing for Monitoring of Bio-Diversity.

RUAANI AHMAD BABA

Roll No. 72

Definition
y Remote sensing is the collection of information

about an object without being in direct physical contact with the object. y Remote Sensing is a technology for sampling electromagnetic radiation to acquire and interpret nonimmediate geospatial data from which to extract information about features, objects, and classes on the Earth's land surface, oceans, and atmosphere.

Elements involved in Remote sensing

1. Energy Source or Illumination (A) 2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) 3. Interaction with the Object (C) 4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) 5. Transmission, Reception and Processing(E) 6. Interpretation and Analysis (F) 7. Application (G)

GIS
Geographic Information System
y An Information System that is used to input, store ,

retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.

The basic elements of a GIS

A GIS is a 5-part system: People Data Hardware Software Procedures A GIS is only as strong as its weakest link! Six Functions of a GIS Capture data Store data Query data Analyze data Display data Produce output

Application of Remote sensing & GIS

y Urbanization & Transportation
y Updating road maps y Asphalt conditions y Wetland delineation

Agriculture
Crop health analysis Precision agriculture Compliance mapping Yield estimation

y Natural Resource Management

y y y y y y y y y y

National Security

Habitat analysis Environmental assessment Pest/disease outbreaks Impervious surface mapping Lake monitoring Hydrology Landuse-Landcover monitoring Mineral province Geomorphology Geology

-Targeting - Disaster mapping and monitoring -Damage assessment -Weapons monitoring -Homeland security -Navigation -Policy
7

 REGIONAL MANAGEMENT Land Use Planning/Environmental Impact Public Works Emergency Response Legal Records COMMERCIAL Market Area Analysis Site Selection Routing AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT Field Records Animal Management Climate Change / Human Impact
8

Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions support fewer species

Importance of biodiversity
Intrinsic Value Biodiversity has an intrinsic value that is worth protecting regardless of its value to humans. This argument focuses on the conservation of all species, even if they are ecologically equivalent species. Ecological services Economic benefits Business and industry Aesthetic value and recreation Human health

10

Monitoring of Biodiversity

We can monitor biodiversity by:

1.Remote Sensing:
Remote sensing applications have increased the ability of conservation specialists to assess large geographic areas thoroughly and conduct inventories of plant and animal species richness and abundance. Many of the published reports describe the use of remote sensing techniques such as Landsat TM coupled with GIS for assessing species diversity (Nagendra 2001; Oindo, Skidmore & De Salvo 2002). Biodiversity characterization through integration of remote sensing and geospatial modeling also shows potential. By integrating field surveys with remote sensing, biodiversity can be effectively mapped, therefore promoting conservation and preservation of sensitive species and areas.
11

The remote-sensing-based information on vegetation and land cover provides a potential spatial framework and works as one of the vital input layers for the following: 1. Vegetation, land cover losses and conversion. 2. Stratification base for optimal ground sampling and assessment of diversity. 3. Fragmentation and neighborhood analysis. 4. Delineation of broader vegetation types and analysis of species assemblages along with ancillary data. 5. Identification of gregarious and ecological important species. 6. Inputs for species habitat models. 7. Spatial delineation of biologically rich zones. 8. Developing conservation strategies.
12

Coarse-resolution remote sensing: Over the past few years, global datasets from coarse spatial resolution sensors have become more and more readily available (e.g. TOWNSEND et al. 1994, ARINO & MELINOTTE 1995). Use of satellite image data for mapping and monitoring global land-cover, biomass burning, estimating geophysical and biophysical characteristics of terrain features, or monitoring continental-scale climate shift, is a primary input for biodiversity assessment. During broad-scale mapping of Western Ghats (1:1,000,000 scale), 205 patches belonging to 11 different landscape types consisting of topography, climate, population, agriculture and vegetation cover, were delineated using IRS 1B data (NAGENDRA & GADGIL 1998).

13

High-resolution remote sensing: At the national or local level, IRS, Landsat or SPOT imagery can provide finer-scale information on forest type distribution and agricultural expansion. Radar systems, such as JERS and Radarsat, are not affected by clouds, and are useful for determining the extent of forest and non-forest landscapes where topographic relief is not substantial (<200m). Vegetation type and land-cover mapping of the entire North-East India, Western Himalayas and Western Ghats of India, were mapped on a 1:250,000 scale by using IRS LISS data (IIRS 2002).

2.GIS for assessing and monitoring biodiversity:

Many data relating to environmental and ecological systems have been collected and stored in forms suited to management and analysis using GIS (Aspinall, 1995). Records of species or habitat can be stored in a database and mapped to show where they occur. This geographic information can be used to target surveys and monitoring schemes (Marqules & Austin, 1991). Data on species or habitat distribution from different dates allow monitoring of the location of change (where) to be identified and the extent (how much) measured. Spatial data include maps, satellite imagery and aerial photographs.

It can be used for: Species occurrences, Sites, Managed areas, The conservation status of a particular species (e.g Hangul).

15

1.Classified 1991 Landsat TM Image of Digya and its 2.Classified 1991 Landsat TM Image of Digya and its environment. environment.

Biodiversity Management Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS Technologies: The Case of Digya National Park, Ghana.
16

Tools for biodiversity assessment (Geoinformatics)

Parameter derivation

Vegetation & Land cover types ..

Gregarious formation Fire .

Species database ecotones ..

GPS Groun d truth

Remote Sensing

Landscape Disturbance . . GIS Habitats Species contouring ..

Terrain Climate ...

Bio logically R ich Zones Bio prospecting Risk habitats Conservation zoning Information system

Spatial Outputs

3.Global Positioning System (GPS)

A GPS is a satellite-based positioning system that allows the collection of information about the geographical position of any location using a network of satellites. It has a great potential. It has a great potential in landscape ecology, as well as in many other related disciplines requiring geographic locations of he objects in the landscape (Farina 1998). Coupled with GIS, it acts as a powerful tool to describe the geographical characteristics of ecological systems. A practical use of GPS has been in locating the sample plots and this information was used for mapping. The application of integrated GPS/GIS technology to habitat utilization models is particularly powerful because it is capable of identifying the areas of threatened habitats that are most at risk of human encroachment.

18

Applications
1.Identification of Biodiversity:
GIS & remote sensing is extensively used for the identification of biodiversity. Various satellites (Landsat series, ETM, etc) are used. For example type of species, canopy cover etc. can be determined. GPS has been used especially for tracking various threatened species. For example GPS collar.

19

2.Change detection:
Land-cover change detection, one of the most common uses of remotely sensed data, is an essential component of ecological monitoring (Aplin, 2005). Change detection and mapping requires land cover maps from at least two time periods, and is possible only if changes in the surface phenomena of interest result in detectable differences in image radiance or emittance (Lunetta et al., 2002).

20

21

3.Production estimation. 4.Vulneribility areas.

22

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.http://www.google.co.in/search?q=applications+of+gis+and+remote+sensing+ppt&hl=e n&gbv=2&prmd=ivns&ei=pJjwTtadHsjf0QGc0NyLAg&start=10&sa=N. 2.http://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/mghpdf/0071753206_ar006.pdf 3.http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/Biodiversity_Environment/index.htm