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Atropous
Types of ovules
Anatropous
No raphe
Campylotropous
raphe
Amphitropous
Linseed
Origin: Linseed is the dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Linn Family: Linaceae.
Oval, flattened and shiny brown. Type of seed: Albuminous. Type of ovule: Anatropous. Type of embryo: Straight. Odor: Odorless when entire but characteristic when crushed. Taste: mucilaginous, bitter, oily.
Constituents:
-30 to 40% of fixed oil. , has high content of the unsaturated fatty acids and must be consumed as part of diet. - 25% of protein. - 3-6% of mucilage -Small amount of a cyanogentic glycoside called linamarin.
Pigment layer
Characters of powder:
Powdered Linseed has a characteristic odour and a mucilaginous oily taste. Microscopically, it is characterized by: Numerous oil globules, stained red with alkana globules, III. tincture and sudan III. Fragments with yellowish-brown yellowishsclerenchymatous cells, generally appearing cells, crossed by thin walled elongated cells on one side and by rounded somewhat thickened parenchyma on the other. This structure called mat like shape.
Characters of powder
Chemical test
Linamarin + H2O 37C Glucose + Acetocyanohydrin Enzymatic hydrolysis Acetone + HCN HCN Na-Picrate Na-Picramate (Yellow) Reduction (Brick red)
Key elements
1- Pigment layer
2- Sclerieds
Black Mustard
Origin Black mustard is the dried ripe seeds of Brassica nigra. Family Cruciferae Constituents - Mucilage; - Fixed oil and Protein. - Glycoside, sinigrin +myrosin enzyme in the presence of water yield glucose+ potassium sulphate + allylisothiocyanate (volatile oil).
Brassica Alba
Origin White mustard is the dried ripe seeds of Brassica alba Family Cruciferae.
Constituents:
-Fixed oil and protein. -Mucilage. -Crystalline glycoside, sinalbin+ myrosin enzyme + water yield glucose + K-acid sinapine sulphate + acrinyl-iso-thiocyanate. acrinyl isothiocyanate with a pungent taste and powerful rubefacient action as it is not volatile.
Semen Foenugreek
Origin: Foenugreek is the dried ripe seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linne Family Leguminosae.
Nutritive layer
Palisade cells
Basket cells
Constituents: Mucilage. -Alkaloids : trigonelline and choline -Flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin and quercetin. -Saponins Glycosides -coumarin, lipids (5-8 %), vitamins and minerals (a rich source of selenium).
Semen Psyllii
Psyllium seed,
Origin Dried ripe seed of Plantago psyllium L. and P. albicans L. fam. Plantaginaceae.
1.
Constituents : mucilage. fixed oil and protein. iridoid glycosides e.g. aucubin
Semen Strychni
Characters of powder
1- Sclereid epidermis with thick lignified walled (ten ribed lignified trichomes). 2- Numerous fragments of endosperm with hemicellulosic thick -walled polyhedral cells interconecting by a channels called plasmodesma. 3- Numerous lignified rod shaped fragments of ribs. Constituents: -Indole alkaloids: strychnine and brucine (1.8-5.3%). Strychnine is much more physiologically active than brucine. -The seeds also contain chlorogenic acid and an iridoid glycoside (loganin). This compounds are intermediates in the biogenesis of the strychnine type alkaloids
Lignified ribs
Constituents:
-Indole alkaloids: strychnine and brucine
Uses and actions : It increases the blood pressure used as a circulatory stimulant in such cases as surgical shock Used as aphrodisiac strychnine used as antidote for barbiturates poisoning.
Toxicity
In large doses, it causes violent convulsions and these involve the respiratory muscles and death ensues from asphyxiation.
Semen Colchici
Origin Colchicum seed is the dried ripe seeds of Colchicum autumnale. Family Liliaceae Constituents -Alkaloid: colchicine. - resin, fixed oil and glucose.