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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

The Digestive System The Endocrine System Respiratory System Skeletal/Muscular System Sensory System Nervous System Reproductive System Cardiovascular/Lymphatic The Urinary System

THE URINARY SYSTEM


System consists of The Kidney Two Ureters I Urinary Bladder The Urethra

THE KIDNEY
Has a covering known as a CAPSULE Tissue known as the CORTEX Has central RENAL PYRAMIDS LESSER CALYCES run between the pyramids Several of these form GREATER CALYCES which unite to form the PELVIS OF THE KIDNEY The RENAL ARTERY supplies fresh blood and the RENAL VEIN removes waste products Concave area known as the HILUS

THE URETERS
Two of, approx 35-30 cm long. They convey urine from the urinary bladder by means of PERISTALSIS to the urinary bladder Outer FIBROUS outer layer Middle MUSCULAR layer Inner lining of MUCOUS MEMBRANE Peristaltic waves occur every 10 seconds sending little spurts of urine into the bladder

THE URINARY BLADDER


Reservoir for urine it lies in the pelvic cavity. Roughly pear-shaped with a BASE on the posterior surface and and APEX anteriorly. Has 4 layers PERITONEUM superior surface MUSCLE LAYER smooth muscle fibres SUBMUCOUS LAYER joins inner lining and muscular layer MUCOUS MEMBRANE folded inner lining

THE URETHRA
Canal extending from the neck of the urinary bladder to the exterior. Male 19-20 cms (associated with the reproductive system) Female 3-4 cms Flow guarded by an INTERNAL SPHINCTER VESICAE (under involuntary control) and by an EXTERNAL SPHINCTER URETHRAE (under the control of the will)

STRUCTURE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM


Click on the urinary diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY URINARY SYSTEMS

American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM


The Blood The Heart structure Blood flow through the heart Arteries of the head Arteries of the lower limbs The Lymphatic System

THE BLOOD
Sticky red fluid composed of 2 parts PLASMA made up of mineral salts; proteins; fats; waste products; antibodies; carbon dioxide BLOOD CELLS red blood cells containing haemoglobin attracting oxygen White blood cells larger more numerous who fight infection PLATELETS who move to area of trauma/infection and heal/destroy same

THE HEART
Divided in 2 by the CARDIAC SEPTUM and quartered by the RIGHT and LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES. Creates 4 chambers The RIGHT ATRIUM - the LEFT ATRIUM The RIGHT VENTRICLE - the LEFT VENTRICLE The heart has 3 layers of tissue the PERICARDIUM, the MYOCARDIUM and the ENDOCARDIUM

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART RIGHT ATRIUM


RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVVE RIGHT VENTRICLE PULMONARY VALVE PULMONARY ARTERY (LEFT/RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERIES) LEFT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE LEFT VENTRICLE AORTIC VALVE AORTA

STRUCTURE OF THE HEART


Click on the heart diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

ARTERIES OF THE HEAD


Rising from the AORTA, the BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery branches to become the RIGHT COMMON CAROTID artery. This in turn becomes the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL CAROTID arteries. Other arteries are the OCCIPITAL artery; the FACIAL artery; the LINGUAL artery; the MAXILLARY artery and the TEMPORAL artery

ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMBS


The RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN artery runs into the arm to become the AXILLARY artery, the BRACHIAL artery, the RADIAL and ULNAR arteries, the PALMAR ARCH supplies the hand and the DIGITAL arteries supply the fingers

ARTERIES OF THE TORSO AND LOWER LIMBS


The ARCH OF THE AORTA runs down the body to become the THORACIC AORTA, the ABDOMINAL AORTA, and divided to become the LEFT and RIGHT COMMON ILIAL ARTERIES. These divide to become the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL ILIAC arteries. The FEMORAL artery supplies the upper leg, the POPLITEAL artery supplies the knee area and the ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR TIBIAL arteries supply the lower leg. DIGITAL arteries supply the foot

STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES OF THE BODY


Click on the diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM


Lymph is a blood fluid which passes through capillary walls to remove waste materials eg particles from areas of infection too large to pass through capillary walls. System consists of LYMPH VESSELS; LYMPH NODES; SPLEEN and THYMUS GLAND

LYMPH VESSELS and LYMPH NODES,


VESSELS join together to form the THORACIC DUCT and the RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT. Lymph is emptied into SUBCLAVIAN VEINS NODES filtration structure designed to remove bacteria from blood. 4/5 AFFERENT LYMPH VESSELS bring blood to a node while 1 EFFERENT LYMPH VESSEL carries lymph from node.

THE SPLEEN
Partly shaped by lymphatic tissue. Slightly oval and is 12 cms long. Vessels enter and leave at the HILIUM. Enclosed in a fibroelastic capsule known as a TRABECULAE. Structures entering and leaving are the SPLENIC ARTERY, the SPLENIC VEIN, LYMPH VESSELS and NERVES

THE THYMUS GLAND


Lies behind the sternum and extends into the neck. Weighs 30-40 gms and has 2 lobes joined by AREOLAR TISSUE. Enclosed in a fibrous capsule and plays an important part in the immune system. Effectiveness declines with age

STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM


Click on the lymphatic diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM


American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


The Brain The Forebrain The Midbrain The Hindbrain Spinal Cord The Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid

THE FOREBRAIN
Large complicated organ which lies in the CEREBRAL CAVITY. Divides early in its development into the FOREBRAIN, the MIDBRAIN and the HINDBRAIN FOREBRAIN known as the CEREBRUM divided into RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES by the LONGITUDINAL CEREBRAL FISSURE - controls opposite sides of the body. Grey matter on surface and white matter in the centre LOBES of the cerebrum named for the bones that cover them. FRONTAL LOBE, PARIETAL LOBE, TEMPORAL LOBE and OCCIPITAL LOBE Concerned with consciousness, reasoning, memory, thought and senses

THE MIDBRAIN
PONS VAROLII acts as a bridge between both halves of the CEREBELLUM. Relays nervous impulses to and from the brain and body periphery MEDULLA OBLONGATA is joined to the pons varolli above and the spinal cord below. Contains cardiac and respirtory centres which control heart rate and respiration MIDBRAIN lies between forebrain and hindbrain and consists of 2 stalk-like bands of white matter conveying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

THE HINDBRAIN
The CEREBELLUM. This has 2 hemispheres with grey matter on the outside and white matter at the centre. Concerned with balance, muscle co-ordination and muscle tone. Disease of the cerebellum results in loss of muscle power and the ability to co-ordinate muscle movement

THE SPINAL CORD


Cylinder of nervous tissue some 45 cms long. Joined to the medulla oblongata and runs down the spinal canal. Consists of white matter on the surface and grey matter at the centre. The cord gives off nerves in pairs throughout its length. 31 pairs or SPINAL NERVES 12 pairs of CRANIAL NERVES

THE MENINGES
The brain and spinal cord are covered by 3 layers of tissue known as the MENINGES. The DURA MATER is a rough fibrous membrane attached to the inner surface of the skull The ARACHNOID MATER is a delicate membrane lying below the dura mater The PIA MATER is a delicate membrane covering the actual surface of the brain. Carries blood supply to the underlying brain tissue.

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
A clear watery fluid contained in the 4 VENTRICLES or spaces within the brain and which surrounds the spinal cord This fluid protects the brain and spinal cord and it acts as a cushion between delicate nerve tissue and the bony walls of the cranium in which these structures lie. Nourishes the brain and clears away waste products and toxic substances

STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


Click on the nervous diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM


Bones Structure Bones - Types The Axial Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton

THE AXIAL SKELETON


The SKULL FRONTAL BONES, PARIETAL BONES; OCCIPITAL BONES; TEMPORAL BONES The VERTEBRAL COLUMN 24 separate moveable irregular bones; the SACRUM and the COCCYX The RIB CAGE 7 pairs of TRUE ribs; 3 pairs of FALSE ribs and 2 pairs of FLOATING RIBS The STERNUM has a MANUBRIUM superiorly and articulates with the clavicles and first 2 pairs of ribs

BONES STRUCTURE
Bone formation is known as OSSIFICATION and it is the hardest tissue in the body. Bones are covered by PERIOSTEUM. There are 2 types COMPACT and CANCELLOUS Compact bone has a central HAVERSIAN CANAL surrounded by concentric circles of LAMELLAE. Cancellous bone has larger irregular Haversian Canals and fewer lamellae. Red bone marrow is found in cancellous bone.

BONES - TYPES
LONG bones have a DIAPHYSIS (shaft) which is composed of compact bone and a central MEDULLARY CANAL where yellow bone marrow is found. and 2 EPIPHYSES at each end

IRREGULAR, FLAT and SESAMOID bones have a thin covering of compact bone with cancellous bone inside.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON


Shoulder girdle 1 CLAVICLE and 1 SCAPULA Upper limbs consist of 1 HUMERUS, 1 RADIUS, 1 ULNA, 8 CARPAL BONES, 5 METACARPAL BONES and 14 PHALANGES Lower limbs consist of 1 FEMUR, 1 TIBIA, 1 FIBULA, 1 PATELLA, 7 TARSAL BONES, 5 METATARSAL BONES and 14 PAHALANGES Pelvic girdle consists of 2 INNOMINATE bones and 1 SACRUM

THE SKELETAL STRUCTURE


Click on the skeletal diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY THE SKELETON


American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - MALE

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE


Female Ovaries Uterine Tubes Uterus The Menstrual Cycle

THE UTERINE TUBES


These are the tubes which convey the ovum to the uterus. At the end of each tube are fringelike FIMBRIA which catch the released ovum at ovulation The tubes are approx 10 cms long and are lined with ciliated epithelium to assist with peristalsis of the ovum Fertilisation takes place in the uterine tubes when the ovum becomes known as a ZYGOTE

THE UTERUS
Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ which has 3 layers of tissue the PERIMETRIUM, the MYOMETRIUM and the ENDOMETRIUM. The dome-shaped area at the superior aspect is known as the FUNDUS OF THE UTERUS, the main area is known as the BODY OF THE UTERUS and the inferior aspect is the CERVIX The uterus provides a safe and secure place for a fertilised ovum to mature during a 40-week gestation period.

THE OVARIES
Two ovaries lying in a shallow FOSSA or depression in the pelvic cavity Each ovary is attached to the uterus by means of an OVARIAN LIGAMENT Each ovary contains OVARIAN FOLLICLES which rupture at ovulation and release an ovum on alternate months.

THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE


Under the influence of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE which in turn sees an increase in production of OESTROGEN the first phase, the PROLIFERATIVE PHASE sees a rapid multiplication of endometrial cells. At OVULATION, an ovum is released and the disintegration of the ovarian follicle delivers LUTEINISING HORMONE which in turn begins the second phase, the SECRETORY PHASE. The third phase, the MENSTRUAL PHASE sees all but the inner lining of the endometrium being lost.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE


Click on the reproductive diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - MALE


Testes/Scrotum Epididymis Spermatic Cord/Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicle/Ejaculatory Duct Prostate Gland Urethra Penis

TESTES/SCROTUM
The testes are the male sex glands or GONADS. They are suspended in a pigmented sac known as the SCROTUM. Each testis contains SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES which produce millions of SPERMATOZOA. Each testis has approx 200-300 lobules between which are groups of interstitial cells which secrete testosterone.

SPERMATIC CORD/VAS DEFERENS


The spermatic cord suspends the testis in the scrotum. It is composed of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle

It is through the spermatic cord that the VAS DEFERENS runs and through which spermatozoa are pushed during ejaculation

SEMINAL VESICLE/EJACULATORY DUCT


2 small fibromuscular pouches lying on the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder and attached to the vas deferens The seminal vesicle secretes a milky fluid which suspends and nourishes the spermatozoa. After the junction with the seminal vesicle the vas deferens now becomes known as the EJACULATORY DUCT and runs for about 2 cms

THE PROSTATE GLAND


Lies in the pelvic cavity in front of the rectum and behind the pubic bone and surrounds the urethra. It secretes a lubricating fluid which passes into the urethra

THE URETHRA
In men the urethra is approximately 19-20 cms and is a common pathway for both semen and urine. It originates at the urethral orifice in the bladder and is known as the PROSTATIC URETHRA when surrounded by this gland. The urethra has 2 sphincters - The INTERNAL SPHINCTER VESICAE and the EXTERNAL SPHINCTER URETHRAE

THE PENIS
Has a ROOT and a BODY. The root lies in the PERINEUM, the body surrounds the urethra. Formed by 2 elongated masses of erectile tissue and involuntary muscle the penis also has a rich blood supply. It has 2 lateral columns which are called CORPORA CAVERNOSA with a central column called CORPUS SPONGIOSUM. Triangular structure at the tip is known as the GLANS PENIS which is surround by a double layer of skin called the PREPUCE or foreskin

EPIDIDYMIS
An epididymis is found lying on top of each testis. Spermatozoa are manufactured in the testis and stored in the epididymis If ejaculation does not take place then the spermatozoa are absorbed back into the body

MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE

Click on the reproductive diagram for specific information on the structure

THE SENSORY SYSTEM


The Eye

The Ear

The Skin

The Nose

THE EYE
Has 3 layers The SCLERA which runs on anteriorly to become the CORNEA The CHOROID which runs on anteriorly to become the CILIARY BODY, IRIS and PUPIL The RETINA which is made up of light sensitive cells called RODS AND CONES

THE EYE 2
The Ciliary Body splits into the SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS which are attached to the LENS and the thickness and shape of the lens are altered depending on the distance an object is from the eye The body also forms the IRIS which is joined superiorly and inferiorly by the PUPIL which change shape depending on the light reflected from an object The eyeball shape is maintained by VITREOUS HUMOUR and the front of the eye by AQUEOUS HUMOUR held in the ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR chambers created by the pupil

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

Click on the eye diagram for specific information on the structure

THE NOSE
Divided in 2 by the NASAL SEPTUM creating NARES

Lined with CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE to aid filtration

THE NOSE2
Has an OLFACTORY function to identify smell Divided into 2 NARES by the NASAL SEPTUM Bounded superiorly by the ETHMOID and FRONTAL bones Bounded inferiorly by the HARD PALATE 3 areas the INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA, the MIDDLE NASAL CONCHA and the SUPERIOR NASAL CONCHA OLFACTORY FIBRES in the Superior Nasal Concha when stimulated pass vibrations on to

STRUCTURE OF THE NOSE

Click on the nose diagram for specific information on the structure

THE SKIN
Consists of 3 layers

The EPIDERMIS The DERMIS (layer of COLLAGEN FIBRES) The SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

THE EPIDERMIS
The topmost layer of the skin which reproduces itself every 26-30 days. Covered with ridges known as PAPILLAE. Two openings break through the Epidermis a SWEAT GLAND, to allow for regulation of body temperature and a HAIR FOLLICLE

THE DERMIS
Contains several structures SWEAT GLANDS HAIR FOLLICLES (hair described as a BULB, ROOT and SHAFT ARRECTORES PILORUM muscles SEBACEOUS GLANDS NERVE ENDINGS BLOOD VESSELS

COLLAGEN FIBRES
A network of fibres which help to maintain the skin elasticity

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER
Layer of tissue between the collagen fibres and underlying structures.

Composed of LIPOSOMES (fat cells) which offer a layer of protection

STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN


Click on the skin diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

THE EAR
Can be described in 3 ways

The EXTERNAL EAR The MIDDLE EAR The INTERNAL EAR

THE EXTERNAL EAR


Consists of the AURICLE with the HELIX superiorly and the LOBULE inferiorly The external ear runs on to become the EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS lined with CERUMINOUS GLANDS which secrete CERUNIM (earwax). The EAM is surrounded and protected by TEMPORAL BONE The external ear runs on to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (ear drum)

THE MIDDLE EAR


Runs on from the Tympanic Membrane The entrance to the middle ear is known as the VESTIBULE and is filled with PERILYMPH and ENDOLYMPH. The AUDITORY OSSICLES are found in the middle ear and are set in the ROUND and OVAL WINDOWS these bones are the STAPES, the MALLEUS and the INCUS Vibrations caused by sound waves cause the ossicles to move sending vibrations on into the inner ear

THE INTERNAL EAR


Contains 3 SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. These have no part to play in hearing but give the brain information about the position of the head in space. The ORGAN of CORTI is the true organ of hearing and is found in the COCHLEA. Vibrations are turned into nervous impulses and sent off through the AUDITORY NERVE to the brain for translation

THE EAR STRUCTURE


Click on the ear diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM


Hormones The Pituitary Gland The Thyroid Gland The Parathyroid Glands The Adrenal Glands The Islets of Langerhans The Ovaries The Testes

HORMONES
A substance produced in one gland that affects the activity of another Carried in the blood Glands referred to as ductless glands because secretions are passed directly into the blood

THE PITUITARY GLAND


Situated in the brain Acts with the HYPOTHALAMUS regulating most of the other endocrine glands. Has ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR LOBES Produces FSH; LH, PROLACTIN and GROWTH hormones

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of these hormones

THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Situated between and below the 2 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES Controls the AUTONOMIC SYSTEM This monitors the bodys external and internal reactions to STIMULAE, controls emotions, body temperature and thirst

THE THYROID GLAND


Situated in the neck and consists of 2 lobes joined together by an ISTHMUS Produces the hormone THRYOXINE Concerned with METABOLISM of food into energy the conversion

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of this hormone

THE PARATHYROID GLANDS


4 small glands 2 each embedded on the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid glands Produce the hormone PARATHORMONE Concerned with CALCIUM ABSORPTION and DEPOSIT of the body

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of this hormone

THYMUS GLAND
Situated in the chest area, close to the STERNUM LYMPHOCYTES pass through this gland in a younger person and go on to develop antibody properties

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of this hormone

ADRENAL GLANDS
2 glands, one situated on the upper pole of each kidney They have an outer CORTEX and an inner MEDULLA They are concerned with the production of the hormones ADRENALIN and NORADRENALINE (fight or flight hormone and the peacemaker hormone)

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of these hormones

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
Situated in the PANCREAS Found in clusters irregularly distributed throughout the pancreas Secretions pass directly into the pancreatic veins to circulate throughout the body Concerned with production of INSULIN and GLUCAGON to regulate blood sugar

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of these hormones

OVARIES
Main female sex gland, GONAD 2 of lying in a shallow FOSSA or depression in the pelvic cavity. Concerned with the production of OESTROGEN which affects the number of OVA produced

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of this hormone

TESTES
Male sex gland, GONAD suspended within a pigmented sac the SCROTUM Concerned with the production of TESTOSTERONE which determines the amount and health of SPERMATOZOA produced

Look at OVERPRODUCTION and UNDERPRODUCTION of this hormone.

THE ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE


Click on the endocrine diagram for specific information on the structure

Click here for related sites for further information and study

THE EYE STRUCTURE


Click on the eye diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nose Larynx Trachea Right/Left Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Muscles of Respiration

THE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE


Click on the respiratory diagram for specific information on the structure Click here for related sites for further information and study

THE TRACHEA
The main airway of the body Composed of 16-20 rings of incomplete cartilage because of posterior attachment to the OESOPHAGUS Divides at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra to form the RIGHT and LEFT BRONCHUS. Further sub-division arrives at smaller BRONCHIOLES which terminate in an ALVEOLUS where the exchange of gases take place

THE LUNGS
2 of in the thoracic cavity. Area between known as the MEDIASTINUM Lung tissue is spongy and elastic and air is required to be heated and moist as it reaches the delicate tissue. Lungs covered by a double layer of tissue, the PLEURA, giving rise to a potential space

THE RIB CAGE


There are 7 pairs of TRUE ribs which have posterior attachment to the vertebral column and anterior attachment to the STERNUM There are 3 pairs of FALSE ribs which have posterior attachment to the vertebral column and anterior attachment to the 7th true rib There are 2 pairs of FLOATING ribs which have posterior attachment only

MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
The INTERCOSTAL muscles are arranged in INTERNAL and EXTERNAL layers The DIAPHRAGM is a dome-shaped muscle separating the THORACIC and ABDOMINAL cavities Contraction of these muscles causes the rib cage to move up and out increasing thoracic capacity. the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID muscle is also used in forced breathing

THE LARYNX
Formed by 3 different cartilages which fuse in young boys at puberty to form the LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE CRICOID CARTILAGE ARYTENOID CARTILAGE HYOID CARTILAGE Contains the VOCAL CORDS, attached to the Arytenoid Cartilage contraction causes the cords to pull together and air forced over these causes sound to be produced

THE NOSE
Divided in 2 by the NASAL SEPTUM creating NARES

Lined with CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE to aid filtration

RELATED SITES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION/STUDY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


American Medical Association Innerbody Web Site

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM


The Mouth The Pharynx The Oesophagus The Stomach The Small Intestines The Large Intestines

THE LARGE INTESTINES


The CAECUM with the VERMIFORM APPENDIX attached The ASCENDING COLON The TRANSVERSE COLON The DESCENDING COLON The SIGMOID COLON The ANAL CANAL The RECTUM

THE SMALL INTESTINES


The duodenum - is J-shaped has the HEPATIC DUCT and PANCREATIC DUCT attached The jejunum - continues to filter out necessary nutrients for use by the body The ileum meets with the large intestine at the ILEO-COLIC valve

THE STOMACH
J-shaped Entrance guarded by the CARDIAC ORIFICE Lining arranged in folds known as ROUGAE Contains concentrated HYDROCHLORIC ACID Exit through the PYLORUS guarded by the PYLORIC SPHINCTER preventing reflux

THE OESOPHAGUS
Main food channel Consists of 16-20 rings of cartilage Bolus of food is moved through the Oesophagus by means of PERISTALSIS

THE PHARYNX
Can be described in 3 ways
  

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngeal Pharynx

The Mouth
Teeth 4 types CANINES, INCISORS, MOLARS and PRE-MOLARS  Tongue covered by PAPILLAE, can distinguish 4 tastes SWEET, SALT, BITTER, SOUR  Salivary Glands SUBLINGUAL SUBMANDIBULAR PAROTID All of the above mould the food into a BOLUS and begins the Mechanical/Chemical Breakdown of food


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