Dimensions of

Environmental Management
Economic Dimensions Socio cultural Dimensions Ethical and Moral Dimensions Technological Dimensions

Economic Dimensions

Production and consumption of goods and services Utilization of resources (maximum utilization) Waste management (reduction of waste) Growth and development Population poverty- production- pollution link Consumerism its impact Resource crisis (energy, food, water etc)

Socio-cultural Dimensions

Social life and status of people Standard of living Social interactions Modern way of living Simple living/luxurious lifestyle Consumer society Need and greed Equity ( income, social life, education) Environmental awareness

Moral and Ethical Dimensions Dharma and moral laws Value systems and culture Right and wrong Respect to nature Worship of nature Responsible citizen Stewardship Deep ecology On being morally considerable to nature Sustainable living Ahimsa manishada -Non violence to nature

Technological Dimensions

Industrialization Mechanization Advanced technology Appropriate technology Applied technology Information technology Biotechnology Nanotechnology

Applied technology

Biodiversity conservation Prevention of pollution Creating eco-friendly products Bio-degradable packing materials Developing renewable energy Improving energy efficiency Reducing energy consumption Improving agricultural productivity

Culture, values, conventions

Resource Depletion

Civilization , city life

Economical

Energy Crisis

Moral/ethic al

Dimensions of Environmental Management

Socio cultural

Food crisis

Technological

Corporate life consumer society

Community living ,village life

Acid Rain

Participation Approach

People are primary ingredients of development People have knowledge and expertise The entire community is involved in development Peoples abilities, skill and knowledge should be developed through participation The role of environmental education and training Expertise is a resource to the people rather than to the product People have ability to determine their own future and destiny

Community participation

Usefulness of community participation Participation in development programs Success stories of community participation Lack of government resources Uncoordinated development activities Failure of centralized approaches Active engagements of community Participation in decision making Active involvement in environmental matters

Benefits

Recognition of local needs and priorities Recognition of local knowledge, skill and abilities Direct prescriptions Vs. prescriptive solutions More reliable feed back on the impact of initiatives New insights from the communities Lower costs in dealing with local organizations Better design of programs Improved utilization of facilities Cooperation in new program innovations

Environmental Planning
Environmental Planning concerns itself with the decision making processes where they are required for managing relationships that exist within and between natural systems and human systems. Environmental Planning endeavours to manage these processes in an effective, orderly, transparent and equitable manner for the benefit of all constituents within such systems for the present and for the future. Present day Environmental Planning practices are the result of continuous refinement and expansion of the scope of such decision making processes.

Managing the Environment

Some of the main elements of present day environmental planning are: Social & economic development Urban development Regional development Natural resource management & integrated land use Infrastructure systems Governance frameworks

Rural India
Majority of rural people live below poverty line Several forms of social deprivation Poor survival chances Landlessness Employment of children Environmental pollution Social exclusion Caste and gender discrimination Income disparity Disadvantaged group/under privileged. Marginalized societies

Government Initiatives
Participatory planning Growth with equity Priority of agriculture and rural development Creating of productive employment Eradication of poverty Environmental sustainability Stability in prizes Participation of people in all levels Empowerment of women Development of peoples participatory institutions Cooperatives and self help groups Sustainable development

Social Initiatives
Equity in education, education for all Technical know how in education Livestock rearing Forestry and sericulture Water management Health promotion programs Community participation in development

Environmental Initiatives
Economic use of electricity Increasing the energy efficiency Expanding the alternative energy base Minimize the impact on environment Stop the reckless use of resources Social forestry programs Conventional pollution control Balancing poverty eradication program with ecological degradation

RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PRESSURE OF RURAL POPULATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION INCREASED PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION SMALL BUSINESS INITIATIVES RURAL DEVELOPMENT FOOD SCARCITY & ENERGY PROBLEM INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE POVERTY, DEPRIVATION

Urbanization
Growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas According to UN, in 1800 only 3 per cent of the worlds population lived in urban areas By 1900, 14 per cent were urbanites, although only 12 cities had one million or more inhabitants In 1950, 30 percent of worlds population resides in urban centres In 2000 about 47 per cent of the worlds population (about 2.8 billion) lived in urban areas At that time there were 411 cities with population of over one million.

Urbanization
In developed countries about 76 per cent of residents are urban while the corresponding figure for less developed countries is 40 per cent It is expected that 60 per cent of the worlds population will be urban by 2030 Most urban growth will take place in less developed countries In developing and less developed countries, urbanization results due to demographic and economic pressures; and social services like health and education The coming years will see the making of mega cities ( cities with 5 million habitants)

Making of Mega Cities

There were only 8 cities with 5 million population in 1950, 2 of them in less developed countries Mega cities numbered 41 in 2000. by 2015, 59 mega cities will exist. Out of which 48 will be in less developed countries By 2015, 23 cities are projected to hold over 10 million people Within hundred years (1900-2000) city population multiplied ten times, 200 million to 2000 million

Urban Problems
DEMAND FOR DWELLING PLACE OVER CROWDING PRESSURE FOR MEDICAL AND OTHER SERVICES INCREASED CRIME DEMAND FOR FOOD AND ENERGY EXPLOITAITON OF WATER RESOURCES AIR POLLUTION PRESSURE FOR HABITAT GENERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE

INDIA
Second most populated and second largest country The quality of urban development is decreasing The rising level of air and water pollution Weak provision of sanitation services Negative impact on human health and morbidity Mumbay, Delhi, Chennai ranked among the to ten most polluted cities

Urban Problems
"our burgeoning population and urban way of life have been purchased at the expense of vast ecosystems and habitats. ... It's no accident that as we celebrate the urbanization of the world, we are quickly approaching another historic watershed: the disappearance of the wild. Jeremy Rifkin,

Urban Problems
Urban air pollution Water pollution Industrial hazardous waste Soil degradation Deforestation Coastal marine resources Biodiversity loss Tourism development Health problems

Urban Problems
depletion and degradation of natural resources. the rural population to migrate to cities converted the cities into a major slum and concrete jungles. Numbers of slums are increased in metropolitan cities acute shortage space for housing. Development exerted pressure on the basic amenities increased traffic congestion in the cities.

evils of modern urban environment

Lack of in adequate sewerage treatment facilities Lack of adequate drinking water  encroachment of open spaces  littered garbage in the streets, polluted coastal seawaters. The water in the rivers became unfit for human consumption constant flow of untreated sewerage and effluents. The incidence of air borne and water borne diseases deterioration of air and water quality.

Slums and Population

Slums are continuing to increase and the housing is dwindling due to influx of rural population into urban areas in search of some means of subsistence livelihood Most of the dwelling places have no civic facilities like water supply, drainage, roads, transport etc. This conditions lead to many social evils and health problems in the slum areas. Slum dwellers face unhygienic environmental conditions, social, economic, health, educational and cultural problems. The children living in the slum area started suffering from malnutrition, and water borne diseases like diarrhea.

Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection and disposal has been problem in the cities. Solid wastes can be broadly classified into organic and inorganic wastes. Inorganic wastes are further classified as recyclable and nonrecyclable ones. Average waste generation ranges from 1000-2500 metric tones/day in the urban areas. Un organized dumping of solid waste contaminates the ground and surface water sources and gives out a foul smell to the neighboring areas.

Sanitation:
Many rural house do not have toilets and people use backyards, roadsides or community land.  Such poor sanitary conditions promote the breeding of flies and germs which spread many diseases.  As many of the families cannot build toilets for themselves, it is necessary to build community toilets, and drainages to keep the surroundings clean. This discharge known as sewage can be treated to kill germs and then used to irrigate fruit and forestry plantations.

ENVIRONMENT AUDIT
Environmental audits are systematic and objective assessments of the environmental status and performance of properties, facilities, processes, and/or operations. They are a valuable management tool which can be used to identify and assess environmental problems, and initiate corrective actions which ensure compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and internal management policies and practices.

Environmental Review (Environmental Audit)

Environmental reviews are also carried out as a first stage towards an environmental management system. They are used to identify the company's impact on the environment and to create a register of impacts and aspects. These can be used to signpost areas of concern or where further investigative work may be required .

Waste Audit
these audits are often linked with environmental reviews and usually form the first step in any waste minimisation exercise. The audit is concerned with waste production and handling at a site.

Waste Disposal Site Audits

These audits cover the transport and disposal of wastes by a disposal contractor. They are often undertaken to ensure that a company's waste is being handled correctly. They are usually carried out internally, and involve a questionnaire-type approach .

Water Audit
These audits usually form the first step in any water reduction exercise. The audit is concerned with water use on a site and wastewater production..

Compliance Audit
This type of audit is usually done 'in house' to assess compliance with environmental legislation or company procedures.

Environmental Management System (EMS) Audit

these audits form a key element of the environmental management systems established under ISO 14001 and the EC's EcoManagement and Audit Scheme (EMAS).

Acquisition Audit
this can be pre- or post-acquisition and concentrates on any potential claims or liabilities for environmental damage, or the costs of installing pollution control equipment, which may affect the viability of purchasing a new site.

Audit Tools
Checklist - useful in providing pointers to the type of information being sought.. Questionnaire - this is useful for straightforward situations or when audits are repeated as part of an on-going programme. Interviews - these can be undertaken to determine staff awareness on site of particular environmental issues Observation - watching how a process is carried out can provide a more realistic picture of the extent of compliance with a specific procedure. Discussion - at the start of an audit it is usual that a meeting is held with key personnel on the site to inform them of the audit activities and what is required of them. Reporting - whatever the outcome of an audit, it is vital that it is recorded and that a report is produced.

Benefits
The benefits of carrying out environmental audits are numerous and include: Reducing liability and reducing the potential for environmental fines Ensuring compliance with legislation Reducing waste costs Reducing water and energy costs Good public relations (if the results are published).

Integrated Environmental Management

The integrated or holistic approach Knowledge of integrated and inter related studies Multidimensional and multidisciplinary Interrelationship and interactions among various variables Not just a mechanistic or materialistic approach It has economic, social, cultural, ethical, technical dimensions The study involves all the entities from molecules to matter; micro organisms to man as an integrated system It studies about the harmonious relationship between man and nature