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Terminology
1. Citation
A short note recognising a source of information. Is a practice of referring to the work of others in the text of your own piece of work. Referring in the text to the source of information used i.e. reference
2. Reference
A list containing the details only of those works (sources) cited in the text.
Terminology contd
3. Bibliography
Greek word bibliographia literally book writing. A list of books/documents relevant to a particular subject. A list of sources not cited in the text but referred to in preparing the work List of relevant items not necessarily cited in your text. Order - Alphabetical by specific subject or author.
Reference - Referencing is where you create a list of the source used. - Appears at the end of the work.
Punctuation marks and space are very important in the reference and citation. Should be followed the preferred style consistently. Refer to notes/instruction for author of the specific journal/document
Referencing Style
The Vancouver system used in medical and scientific journal The Harvard system Chicago manual of style American Psychological Association (APA)- Psychology,
education and other social sciences
To give credit to the ideas/works of other authors. To allow others (readers) to find the original sources easily (cited reference) To make the work informative. (Quality) To get recognition & authentication of the work. To address the issue of plagiarism
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Author Title of document Date ( year of publication) place of publication Edition Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number) Series
Book Journal Newspaper / magazine Conference paper/proceedings Annual report Institutional / Government publication Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works
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Arabic number Demonstrated as superscript or the number either in square [ ] or curved brackets ( ). numbers should be inserted to the left of colons and semi-colons. full stops are placed either before or after the reference number . e.g. .invented(1). Or invented.(1)
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Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical mortality in England after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital episode statistics 1991-2002. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct 9;[cited 2004 October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens]. Available from: URL: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7470/825
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Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections [CDROM]. 9th ed. London: Arnold; 1998.
add [type of medium] after the title ( CD-ROM, Serial on CD-ROM, book on CD)
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I. Direct
e.g. Mehta (2009) stated that .. In general, when wtiting..in the work of (Mehta, 2009).
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Listed alphabetically by author, regardless of the sources i.e. whether books, journals etc., at the end of the work.
1. Books i. One to four authors Format: First authors surname, initial. & second authors surname, initial., year. Title of book in italics. Edition. Place: Publisher. Example:
Mehta, R.S. & Mandal, G.N., 2005. Nursing concept: fundamental of nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and Stationers.
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Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue number), Page numbers. Available at: URL. [Accessed date].
Example:
Hamill, C., 1999. Academic essay writing in the first person: a guide for undergraduates. Nursing Standard, [Online] 21 Jul., 13 (44), p. 38-40. Available at: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/ejournals/333 [Accessed 12 June 2007].
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Author, Initials., Year. Full title of conference paper. In: Editor or name of organisation. Full title of conference. Location, Date, Publisher: Place of publication.
Example:
Brown, J., 2005. Evaluating surveys of transparent governance. In UNDESA, (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) 6th Global forum on reinventing government: towards participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea 24-27 May 2005. United Nations: New York.
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Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [Medium] Available at: include web site address/URL and additional details such as access or routing from the home page of the source. [Accessed date].
Example:
National electronic Library for Health. 2003. Can walking make you slimmer and healthier? (Hitting the headlines article). [Online] (Updated 16 Jan 2005) Available at: http://www.nhs.uk.hth.walking [Accessed 10 April 2005].
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