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Chiefly derogatory. An Irishman. 1773 R. MORRIS Diary 10 Nov. in Radical Adventurer (1971) 95 One fine Paddy-whack, fit for the plough & about 35 years of age, with whom we drank Chocolate at a fine Convent. 1789 A. PASQUIN Poems II. 163 Like a Jew or Bramin with Father O'Leary..Tis a wonderful mixture of whiskey and sack, One half's Rubinelli, the restPaddy Whack. 1795 J. MURDOCK Truimphs of Love III. 61 And, shir Dick, if you call me Paddy-Whack again, I'll make you sale the weight of an Irish fist upon your English pate. 1811 Lexicon Balatronicum at Whack, A paddywhack; a stout brawney Irishman. 1856 THACKERAY Let. 15 Mar. (1946) III. 585 Only a malignant blundering Paddywhack could write in this way. 1886 N. & Q. 15 May 388 In my early days every Irishman was known as Paddywhack . 1999 UNIX Rev. (Nexis) 1 Oct. 9 Jock (another ethnic slur to the supersensitive?) might well have used Paddy without offending his friend. But in other contexts, mick , paddy , paddywack , jock , and so on do need care.
Scouse philology 1. Knowles, G. 1973 2. Honeybone 3. K. Watson 2007 Sociolinguistics 1. Trudgill (1984; 1986; 1990) 2. Labov (1972 2006) English Accents Orton (1962)
RP
The Queen s English, BBC English, Oxford English Accents not a Dialect , RP speakers speak STANDARD ENGLISH 2% of the population speak RP Less in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales TEFL and phonemic transcriptions Changed
Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical
Vowels
Consonants
Perceptions of Scouse
Scouse has influenced middle and working class speech throughout Merseyside, and is spreading beyond its former boundaries. It is spreading north to Southport, north-east to Maghull, Lydiate and Ormskirk, east to St Helens and south-east beyond Halewood to Runcorn and Widnes. Over the water it has ousted the traditional dialect of Wirral, particularly on the Mersey bank down to Ellesmere Port and beyond. It is also having influence across Chester and Wrexham into North Wales.
(Knowles, 1973: 14)
The
th 19
Indeed, Liverpool English is how it is today largely because of the major changes in the population of the city in the nineteenth century. Without these changes in the city, the accent would be very different. K. Watson (2008)
Liverpool
Year 1561 1663-1673 1708 1773 1790 Population 690 (in 138 cottages) C1,000 6,435 34,407 53,853 Estimated from Lawton (1953:120-122) Taken from Knowles (1973: 17) Source McIntyre-Brown & Woodland (2001)
19thC Liverpool
Source: Census returns, taken from Neal (1982: 2)
1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 77, 653 94, 376 118, 972 165, 175 286,656 375,955 443,938 493,405 552,508 517,980 684,958
1.(b) (Of mouth) gob a chur ort fin, to protrude one s lips, to pout, to put on a severe expression; T gob gar, nimheach uirthi, she has a sharp, a severe expression (about the mouth) ; Bh a anil i mbarr a ghoib (leis), he was out of breath, panting ; T s ar bharr a ghoib aige, he has it on the tip of his tongue .
Gob
Orton & Wright (1974: 266)
Origins of Yous
Joyce (1910: 88): The dropping of thou was a distinct loss to the English language: for now you has to do double duty - for both singular and plural which sometimes leads to obscurity. The Irish try to avoid this obscurity by various devices.....Accepting the you as singular, they have created new forms for the plural such as yous, yez, yis, which do not sound pleasant to a correct speaker, but are very clear in sense.
Nurse/North Merger
It is the effect of uvular /r/ on a preceding vowel which has historically given rise to forms such as [b dz] birds, [w mz] worms in Northumberland: the [ ] has not only coalesced with the vowel, making it uvularized, but has also caused it to be retracted from centre to back. (Wells 1982: pp.369-370)
Places of articulation (passive & active): 1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical
LE Phonemes: Vowels
Lenition
As well as these aspirated and preaspirated variants, there is an additional range of plosive realisations which are more or less unique to Liverpool. Most of these realisations can be described as processes of LENITION a term frequently used to group together a series of phonological weakenings which turn underlying plosives into affricates and fricatives (see e.g. Lass 1984; Harris 1990, 1994; Honeybone 2002). Indeed, plosive lenition is arguably one of the most characteristic features of Liverpool English, and one which forms a major part of the variety s stereotype.
An affricated /t/ (circled) in word-initial position in the speaker s production of the word two .
Rhotic
Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds, are nonlateral liquid consonants. LE lot of