Group One

RUBIO, VANESSA ANN MANEGDEG, JONATHAN ROSALES, JESUS ROMEO GALVEZ, CHRISTINE BERNADETTE DETUBIO, MA. ELIZA AFUNDAR, INGRID MAE PESTANO, JENNILYN

Immigration to the Archipelago

y About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of today's

Aetas, or Aboriginal Filipinos, descended from their northernly abodes in Central Asia passing through the Indian Subcontinent and reaching the Andamanese Islands.
y About 3000 BC, a loose confederation of peoples known as 'Nesiots', from what

today is Indonesia, came to the Philippines.

y Starting 4000-2000 BC Austronesian groups descended from Yunnan

Plateau in China and settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing using balangays or by traversing land bridges coming from Taiwan.

Skull Cap of an Ancient Man

y The year was 1962. An American anthropologist working for the

Philippine National Museum, Dr. Robert B. Fox and the museums anthropological division, discovered fossils of human remains consisting of skulls, jawbones, and teeth fragments from three individuals in the complex caves of Tabon in the south western part of the Palawan Island.
y The Tabon discovery was a milestone in Philippine archeological

history proving that early Homo sapiens inhabited Palawan Island around 20,000 to 24,000 years ago. The fossil finds, now known as the Tabon Man, are now believed to be the earliest known human settlers in the Philippines the cradle of Philippine civilization.

Social and Political Hierarchies

y Philippine society was the chiefs and their families who

enjoyed power and prestige exclusive to their class such as the Tagalog title of Gat or Lakan, and the red jacket of the chief. Below them, the nobility were the freemen or Tagalog maharlika, and the dependents or alipin.
y Women were equal to men. They owned and inherited

property, succeeded their father in headship when there was no male heir, engaged in trade and industry, and selected names for their children. Filipino women also walked ahead of their husbands.

Social Classes of the Early Philippine Society

y There are two social classes in the Philippines during the Spanish

occupation; principalia and the masses.

y There were two distinct social classes in the Philippines early in

the Spanish regime. These were the principalia and the masses. These principalia were the descendants of the ancient datus and maharlikas, the rich plantation owners, and the local officials or ex-officials.
y The masses on the other hand, consisted of the poor, such as the

laborers and the peasants. They enjoyed few rights and no privileges. They could not vote or be elected to a public office.

Bathalang Maykapal

The early Filipinos venerated objects, their dead and other spirits, idols and a supreme god whom the Tagalogs called Bathalang Maykapal. They belived in life after death and the immortality of the soul. They venerated a god of childbirth, of coming to age, of illness, of death; as well as gods of planting, of harvest, of war, of the rainbow, of love. The people interpreted some actions and sounds of people and other creatures as omens according to which they took precaution, or rejoiced at the good news.

Barangay, Barangay Chieftain

The barangay chieftain promoted his peoples welfare and concerns, engaging in commerce with other barangays, and fomenting friendships with the blood compact. He proclaimed written laws and saw to the execution of oral traditions pertaining to the family and clan business arrangements, crime and punishment, thus exercising judicial power through a judicial process.

Barter System

The earliest date suggested for direct Chinese contact with the Philippines was 982 AD. At the time, merchants from "Ma-i" (now in Mindoro) brought their wares to Guangzhou. This was noted by the Sung Shih (History of the Sung) by Ma Tuan-lin who compiled it with other historical records in the Wen-hsien Tung-Kao at the time around the transition between the Sung and Yuan dynasties.

Rizals Century

During Rizal's time in the 19th century, Asia, Europe and America were living in turmoil as the Industrial, French and American revolutions were all taking place. Each of these events affected the world and the social and political circumstances had a huge influence on Rizal himself. Each revolution changed different aspects of the global environment and contributed towards the modernization of the world and the birth of many nation states.

Political Organization (Ministerio de Ultramar)

y Governor General


  

He headed the central administration in Manila. He was appointed by the Spanish monarch and was the kings representative in all matters, including religious concerns. He nominated priests to ecclesiastical positions and controlled the finances of the missions. He also exercised legislative powers with his cumplase. He issued executive orders and proclamations. He had supervision and disciplinary power over all government officials, was commander-in-chief of the Philippines and had supreme authority on matters of finance until 1784.

y Next to the central government were the provinces which originated from the

early encomiendas. Placed under alcalde mayors, the provinces were classified according to dialects spoken, population, income and number of towns.
y Eight cities had a special form of government called cabildo or ayuntamiento.

Each city was administered by two alcaldes en ordinario, a number of regidores and an alguacil mayor.
y The natives occupied positions in the towns and barrios. The gobernadorcillo,

fondly called captain by his constituents, was the chief executive and judge of the town. His assistants were the teniente mayor, three inspectors or judges, the constables, and the town secretary.

y The smallest unit of government was the barangay or

barrio. Each barangay was controlled either by a Filipino or Chinese mestizo cabeza de barangay.
y To help in the maintenance of peace and order in the town,

the guardia civil and the cuadrillos performed police duties.

Rizal at UST
y On April 1877, Jose Rizal returned to Manila and enrolled at the

University of Santo Tomas, taking the course Philosophy and Letters.

y On October 28, 1881, Rizal presented his credentials in Ateneo. He was

awarded the title Surveyor and Expert Assessor on September 30, 1881.
y In 1879, the Artistic and Literary Lyceum, a society whose

members include artists in literature, sponsored a contest in poetry, writing and composition. He joined the contest and wrote a poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina as his entry to the competition. Rizals poem was adjuged superior from other entries.

y In 1880, the same society, Artistic-Literary Lyceum,

sponsored another competition in honor of the 264th death anniversary of Spains most glorified man-of-letter, Don Miguel de Cervantes. Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled, El Consejo de los Dioses.
y y Rizal also composed other literary works while an active

alumnus of Ateneo Municipal and a medical student of UST namely: Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig), A Filipinas (To the Philippines), and Abd-el Azis y Mohamad (ABD-ELAZIS a Mohammed).