Heat capacity = C = amount of heat the object receives for a 1K temperature rise = does not depend on the mass

= unit J K1 C Heat it can take

c =C m

For 1 K temperature rise Specific Heat capacity = c = amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of object by 1K = depend on the mass = unit J kg1 K1

Subtance Aluminium Copper Iron Mercury Ice Water

Specific heat capacity (J kg1 K1) 910 390 470 138 2000 4200

Molar Heat capacity = Cm = amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of subtance by 1K = depend on the n = unit J mol1 K1 Relative
molecular/atomic mass

Heat it can take

Cm = mrc 1000

For 1 K temperature rise Specific Heat capacity = c = amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of object by 1K = depend on the mass = unit J kg1 K1

Subtance Aluminium Copper Iron Mercury Ice Water

Molar heat capacity (J mol1 K1) 24.6 24.8 26.3 27.7 36.5 75.4

Q = C(U

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature

Q = mc(U

Q = nCm(U

F = pA A dW = F dy dW = pA dy Pressure = p F = p dV dy heating Container and piston W= dV

dW =

p dV
V2
1

p dV

W= Boyles law Pw 1 V P= k V W= = k

V2
1

p dV

expansion V2 > V1 ln V2 = +ve V1 W = +ve compression V2 < V1 ln V2 = ve V1 W = ve V not change V2 = V1 ln V2 = ln 1 = 0 V1 W=0

Constant pressure W=p

V2 V1

dV
V2 V1

V2 k
1

V V

dV dV
V2 V1

= p[ V ]

V2 1
1

= p[V2 V1] = p(V

= k [ ln V ]

= k [ln V2 ln V1]

V2 = k ln V1

expansion V2 > V1 W = +ve

W=

V2
1

p dV

expansion V2 > V1 ln V2 = +ve V1 W = +ve compression V2 < V1 ln V2 = ve V1 W = ve V not change V2 = V1 ln V2 = ln 1 = 0 V1 W=0

Constant pressure W=p

V2 V1

dV
V2 V1

= p[ V ] compression V2 < V1 W = ve V2 W = k ln V1

= p[V2 V1] = p(V

P Work done by gas expanding

0 P

V1

V2

Work done on gas compressed

V2

V1

Reflects the principle of conservation of energy

(Q = (U + W
Heat energy supplied Increase in internal energy Work done by the gas

(Q = (U W
Work done on the gas

+ve
Heat supplied

ve
Heat loss

+ve
Increase in internal energy

ve
Decrease in internal energy

Example :

820 cm3

1000 cm3

P = 2 x 105 Pa Heat = 220 J Solution : a) P constant a) Work done by the gas ? b) Change in internal energy ? W=p
V2 V1

dV

= p (V

= (2 x 105)[(1000 x (102)3) 820 x (102)3] = + 36 J

b) (Q = (U + W (U = (Q W = 220 36 = + 184 J

+ve means internal energy increases

KE Molecules have PE

Always in motion Forces of attraction between molecules (Q = (U + W (U = (Q W When work done on gas, W = ve (U = (Q ( W) = (Q + W (U is +ve

(Q = (U + W heating (Q KE (U

(U

Case where (U

Conclusion : By heating (U Performing mechanical work on gas

(Q = (U + W heating (Q KE (U

(U

(Q = (U + W (U = (Q W When work done on gas, W = ve (U = (Q ( W) = (Q + W (U is +ve

Case where (U

For ideal gas :

No force of attraction the separation is large

No PE involve, Only KE involves From Molecular KE = 3/2 KT

KE w T

T constant (U = 0

(U w T

Heat supplied to increase the temperature of n moles of gas by 1K at constant pressure :

(Q = nCp,m (T
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Heat supplied to increase the temperature of n moles of gas by 1K at constant volume :

(Q = nCV,m (T
Molar heat capacity at constant volume

Change of state of one mole of an ideal gas

Case 1

Case 2

p V T

p + (p V T + (T

p V T

p V + (V T + (T

Work done by a gas : W = p(V = p(0) =0

(Q = (U + W

(Q = CV,m(T

CV,m(T = (U + 0 (U = CV,m(T

Work done by a gas : W = p(V = R(T pVm = RT --(1) p(Vm + (V) = R(T + (T) pVm + p(V) = RT + R(T --(2) (2) (1) : p(V = R(T

(Q = Cp,m(T
From case 1 : (U = CV,m(T

(Q = (U + W Cp,m(T = CV,m(T + R(T Cp,m = CV,m + R Cp,m CV,m = R

Cp,m CV,m = R

Cp.m > CV,m

p Case 1 (isochoric process) p + (p Case 2 (isobaric process)

V 0 Vm Vm + (V

K
K
=

Cp,m CV,m

Ratio of principal molar heat capacities

Cp,m and CV,m depend on the degrees of freedom

One mole of ideal gas has internal energy : (Q = (U + W (Q = CV,m(T CV,m(T = (U CV,m = (U (T As (T 0 CV,m = dU dT f = R 2 Cp,m CV,m = R Cp,m = R + f R 2 f+2 = R 2

f U= RT 2

W = p(V = p(0) = 0

It is shown that Cp,m and CV,m depend on degrees of freedom

Cp,m CV,m

= f +2 f For monoatomic : f = 3 K = 3+2 = 1.67 3 For polyatomic : f = 6 For diatomic : f = 5 K = 6+2 = 1.33 6 K = 5+2 = 1.4 5

Constant temperature

pV = constant Boyles law

Internal energy constant (U = 0

T1 < T2 < T3 isotherm T3 T2 T1 V

Isothermal compression

Isothermal expansion

Work done on gas T constant Heat escapes Heat enters

Work done by gas T constant

pV = nRT p = nRT V

W= =

Vf

p dV
Vi Vf

p Isothermal expansion

nRT dV Vi V
Vf 1

pi pf 0 Vi

= nRT Work Done By Ideal gas

V dV Vi
Vf Vi

= nRT [ ln V ]

Vf

= nRT [ln Vf ln Vi] = nRT ln Vf Vi W = +ve Vf > Vi

piVi = pfVf

W = nRT ln Vf Vi piVi ln Vf = pfVf ln Vf Vi Vi

pV = nRT

First law of thermodynamic : (Q = (U + W (Q = W (U = 0

Work done on the gas

pV = nRT p = nRT V

W= =

Vf

p dV
Vi Vf

p Isothermal compression

nRT dV Vi V
Vf 1

pf pi 0 Vf

= nRT Work Done on Ideal gas

V dV Vi
Vf Vi

= nRT [ ln V ]

Vi

= nRT [ln Vf ln Vi] = nRT ln Vf Vi W = ve Vf < Vi