Image Processing and Its Application

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Image processing and its application
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261) 1
Technical Seminar
on
IMAGE PROCESSING AND
ITS APPLICATION
Presented by
Rakhi Ghosh
CS200157261
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Anisur Rahman
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Digital image processing
fundamentals
Digital image processing methods stems from
two principals application areas:
Improvement of pictorial information.
Processing of scene data.
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IMAGES :
Image is replica of object.
An image defined in the "real world" is
considered to be a function of two real variables x
and y.
TYPES OF IMAGES :
Gray-tone image:
Line copy images:
Half-tone images
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EXAMPLE:
A digital image a[m,n] described in a 2D
discrete space is derived from an analog image a(x,y).
The 2D continuous image a(x,y) is divided into N
rows and M columns.
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STEPS IN IMAGE PROCESSING
Image acquisition
Preprocessing
Segmentation
Representation and Description
Recognition
Interpretation
Knowledge base
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IMAGING GEOMETRY
TRANSLATION
SCALING
ROTATION
PERSPECTIVE TRANSFORMATION
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IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
FOURIER TRANSFORM
The Fourier transform produces representation of a signal, as a
weighted sum of complex exponentials. Because of Euler's formula:
) ) q sin j q cos e
jq
+ =
1 j
2
= ,
The defining formulas for the forward Fourier and the inverse Fourier transforms
are as follows.
_a a F A
FORWARD
=
_ a A F a
INVERSE
1
=
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The forward transform goes from the spatial domain, either
continuous or discrete to the frequency domain which is always
continuous .
_a _ a
_ a _ a A F F A
and
a F F a
1
1
=
=
The inverse Fourier transform goes from the frequency domain
back to the spatial domain.
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The specific formulas for transforming back and forth between the spatial
domain and the frequency domain are given below.
) )
)

+

+

+
=
dxdy e y , x a v , u A
FORWARD
vy ux j
) )
)

+

+

+ +
x =
dudv v , u A 4 / 1 y , x a
INVERSE
vy ux j 2
) . J
)

+
=
+
=
+ + O
= + O
m N
n m j
e n , m a , A
FORWARD
. J )
)

x +
x
x +
x
+ O +
+ O O x =
d d e , A / n , m a
INVERSE
n , m j 2
4 1
In 2D continuous space and in discrete space
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WALSH TRANSFORM
The discrete Walsh transform of a function f(x),
where N=2
N
denoted by W(u) is obtained by
substituting the kernel as
=
=
1 N
0 x
) y , x ( g ) x ( f ) u ( T
=
=
1 N
0 u
) u , x ( h ) u ( T ) x ( f
The inverse transform is the relation
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The 1-D, forward Hadamard kernel is the relation
HADAMARD TRANSFORM
=
1 n
0 i
) u ( bi ) x ( bi
) 1 ( N / 1 ) u , x ( g
1-D Hadamard transform
=
1 N
0 x
) u ( bi ) x ( bi
1 n
0 i
) 1 )( x ( f N / 1 ) u ( H
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An inverse kernel that, except for the
1/N term, is equal to the forward
Hedamard kernel
=
1 n
0 i
) u ( bi ) x ( bi
) 1 ( ) u , x ( h
The inverse Hadamard transform:
=
1 N
. 0 u
) u ( bi ) x ( bi
1 n
0 i
) 1 )( u ( H ) x ( f
For x=0,1,2N-1.
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IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
The process of image acquisition frequently leads
(inadvertently) to image degradation.
The principle objective of enhancement techniques
is to process an image so, that the result is more
suitable than the original image for specification
application.
Image enhancement techniques are used to
increase the signal-to-noise ratio.
Make certain features easier to see by modifying
the colors or intensities of an image.
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The approach of enhancement techniques
falls into two categories:
Spatial domain method : In this category are based on
direct manipulation of pixels in an image, that is the gray
values of the peels are directly manipulated to obtain the
enhanced image.
Frequency domain method: Processing techniques are
based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image,
that the image f(x,y) is Fourier transformed to F(u,v) before
any modification is done
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BASIC IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES:
SPATIAL DOMAIN METHODS:
The term spatial domain refers to the aggregate of pixels
composing an image, and spatial domain methods are
procedure that operates directly in this pixel
Image processing function in the spatial domain may be
expressed as
g(x,y) =T[f(x,y)]
Where f(x,y) is the input image and g(x,y) is the processed
image, and T is an operator on f, defined over some
neighborhood about(x,y)
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FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHODS:
The foundation of frequency domain technique is the
convolution theorem .Let g(,y) be an image formed by the
convolution of an image f(x,y)and a linear position, position
invariant operator h(x,y) that is, g(x,y) = h(x,y) * f(x,y)
Then from the convolution theorem, the following frequency
domain relation holds:
G( u,v) = H (u , v)F(u , v)
Where G,F &H are the Fourier transforms of g,h &h
respectively.
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ENHANCEMENT BY POINT PROCESS:
Contrast stretching.
Gray-level slicing.
Histogram processing.
Histogram specification.
Image subtracting.
Image averaging.
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Spatial filtering:
Mean Filter
Median filter
Smoothing filter
Filtering in frequency domain:
Low pass filter
Ideal Low pass Filter
Butter worth low pass filter
Homomorphic filtering
ENHANCEMENT BY DIFFERENT
FILTERING
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APPLICATION OF FILTERS
Application of median filter
Application of Smoothing filter
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Morphology tools such as dilation and erosion
can be used in conjunction with edge detection to
detect and outline a prostate cancer cell.
The effect of homorphic filtring on the noisy filter
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IMAGE COMPRESSION MODELS:
Source
Encoder
Channel
Encoder
Channel
Source
Decoder
Channel
Decoder
F(x,y) F(x,y)
SOURCE ENCODER:
The source encoder is responsible for reducing or eliminating any
coding, interpixel, or psycho visual redundancies in the input image.
SOURCE DECODER: The source decoder contains only two
components the symbol decoder and an inverse mapped.
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ERROR FREE COMPRESSION:
VARIABLE LENGTH CODING
Huffman Coding.
Arithmetic Coding.
Bit plane coding.
LOSSY COMPRESSION:
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IMAGE SEGMENTATION
Thresholding.
Fixed threshold.
Istogram-derived thresholds.
Edge finding.
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IMAGE RESTORATION
The ultimate goal of restoration techniques is to
improve an image.
The restoration techniques are oriented toward
modeling the degradation applying the inverse process in
order to recover the original image.
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CONCLUSION
The various aspects of Image processing and
their practical usage and the steps involved in
their processing are studied.
This has given a good and practical idea of
using various Transforms techniques on images
.
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Image Processing and Its Application

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