Exponential functions: y = abx

Power functions: y = axp

These are nonlinear functions that curve. Logs are used extensively to study and model behavior. Change the scale of measurement by either taking the logarithm of the explanatory and/or responsive variable(s).

 Page 198 - review

 logbx = y iff by = x
log (AB) = log A + log B
log (A/B) = log A log B log Xp = p log X Logbb = 1

logxXp = p
Log28 = y. What is y?

 Exponential functions: y = abx take the log of the responsive variable to linearize the function Power functions: y = axp - take the log of both the explanatory and responsive variables to linearize the function.

 Functions that are linear or exponential have

successive terms that were created by adding or multiplying the same constant. Power models will not follow the above patterns.

x 1 2

y 3 5

x 1 2

y 2 4

x 1 2

y 1 4

3
4

7
9

3
4

8
16

3
4

9
16

Linear

Exponential

Power

 Once you know that the data represents an exponential function, plug

the data into your calculator. Create a separate list for log(y) and use that information to derive the LSRL:
log = a + bx To determine the linearity, check the correlation and residual plot. The residual plot is the graph of x vs RESID. A pattern would indicate that a linear relationship is not the best model for the association of the variables.

Raise 10 to both sides of the equation (ie, take the inverse of log), and

simplify:

10log = 10a+bx = (10a)(10bx) This gives you the exponential form to fit the original data. Graph the original scatterplot, and overlay with this equation as y = 10^(RegEQ)

 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) machines first

appeared in the 1980s, and their use increased drastically in the years following. Look at the table on the following slide, and determine if the transactions grew exponentially. Then obtain the LSRL equation, and from that obtain the equation for the model.

Year

Number of transactions (millions)

1985
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

3,579
5,942 6,642 7,537 8,135 8,958 10,464

1996

11,830

 1Graph initial data (x vs. y)

2Test for exponential growth (yn/yn-1) 3Perform linear regression on initial data

4Look at residual plot of initial data and

consider r and r2 5Transform y to log y 6Graph transformed data (x vs. log y) 7Perform linear regression on transformed data 8Look at residual plot, r, and r2 9Perform inverse transformation of linear equation to arrive at exponential model 10Graph initial data with exponential model

 log = -.3481 + .0459x where is the predicted

number of transactions in millions and x is the year since 1900 r2 = .9979, r = .9990 This tells us that our linear model above is a good fit for the transformed date and that our exponential model will be a good fit for the initial data. In particular, we can see that 99.79% of the variation in the log of transactions in millions can be explained by the linear relationship with the year. = (10-.3481)(10.0459x)

 Begin with the form y = axb. Take the logarithm of both sides to obtain log y = (log axb), and simplify: log = log a + (b log x) This is a form of a linear equation, so the least-squares regression can be derived from it, with log x as the horizontal variable and log y as the vertical variable. Further simplify the equation to obtain: log = log a + log xb To return to the original form, perform inverse transformation by raising 10 to

each side of the equation, and simplify:

10log = 10log a + log x b 10log = 10log a + log x b = (10log a)(10log x ) b = (10log a)(10log x) = (10log a)(xb) = axb

 Using the following table for Olympic weightlifting

records, determine if the data shows exponential growth or power regression, and determine the correlation of the LSRL. Then plot the residuals and transformed points, and find a new equation of best fit for the original scatterplot.

Weight Class Limit 119 130 141 154 167.5 183 200.5 218 238

Record Weight Lifted 633 678 739 787 809 864 886 926 948