UNIT 2 The Heart Part 1 of 2

Heart Anatomy Blood Flow Cardiac Muscle Fibers

(8th edition)

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This PowerPoint lecture follows your textbook very closely; read the slides along with the associated sections in Chapter 18 of your textbook (at the same time); be sure to view the figures and tables in your book There is a lot of material in the textbook that we do not have time to cover in this course -- please read this extra content, but keep in mind that you will not find it on an exam -- use the lecture as your guide; your exams are based mainly on your lectures and lab activities; dont forget that you can download and print this lecture in the form of an outline (without multimedia content); the content of the PowerPoint and printable outline is essentially the same

(8th edition)

Overview of the Heart

The Heart is a muscular pump - composed of cardiac muscle; blood is forced through arteries to the body tissues and returned to the heart via veins; capillaries are the site of gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) Two Different Circuits (fig. 18.5)  PULMONARY CIRCUIT blood vessels transport blood to and from the lungs SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT blood vessels transport blood to and from body tissues

Atria and Ventricles of the Heart   ATRIA receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits VENTRICLES the large pumping chambers of the heart

Location and Orientation within the Thorax (fig. 18.1)    located between the lungs in the middle mediastinum the vertebrae are posterior to the heart the sternum and ribs are anterior to the heart

(8th edition)

The Coverings of the Heart (Pericardia) and the Wall of the Heart
Pericardia - outer covering of the heart; composed of a serous membrane; review serous membranes in chapter 1 (fig. 1.10), and fig. 18.2    FIBROUS PERICARDIUM - the outermost layer PARIETAL PERICARDIUM - the middle layer VISCERAL PERICARDIUM (=epicardium) - the innermost layer; also the first layer of the heart wall

*the pericardial cavity is between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium; it contains a fluid that helps to lubricate the heart and prevent friction; the pericardial sac is composed of the fibrous and parietal pericardia Wall of the Heart (fig. 18.2)  EPICARDIUM (=visceral pericardium) - the outermost layer of the heart wall; it is also called the visceral pericardium; these two names refer to the same area! MYOCARDIUM - the thick, middle muscular layer of the heart wall ENDOCARDIUM - the inner layer of the heart wall

 

(8th edition)

Heart Anatomy

External Anatomy (Anterior View) - fig. 18.4b

  AURICLES - earlike flaps that cover the right and left atria the PULMONARY TRUNK branches to form the PULMONARY ARTERIES, which carry blood to the lungs PULMONARY VEINS - return blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart AORTA - largest artery in the body APEX - points to the left CORONARY ARTERIES and VEINS - supply the heart muscle with blood

  

External Anatomy (Posterior View) - fig. 18.4d

 CORONARY SULCUS - a depression that carries the right and left coronary arteries, circumflex artery, great cardiac vein, and coronary sinus

(8th edition)

Heart Anatomy

Internal Anatomy (fig. 18.4e) - 4 hollow chambers  RIGHT ATRIUM - small chamber of the heart; thin-walled; very small pump; contains PECTINATE MUSCLE; has the FOSSA OVALIS (a remnant of fetal circulation); blood from the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENAE CAVAE along with the coronary veins enters the heart through the right atrium LEFT ATRIUM - small chamber of the heart; thin-walled; very small pump; contains pectinate muscle; blood from the pulmonary veins enters the heart through the left atrium

*the INTERATRIAL SEPTUM separates the right atrium from the left atrium  RIGHT VENTRICLE - large chamber of the heart; thick-walled; large muscular pump; contains PAPILLARY MUSCLE and TRABECULAE CARNEAE (muscle); blood enters the right ventricle from the right atrium; blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary trunk; thus, the right ventricle forms the pulmonary pump to the lungs LEFT VENTRICLE - large chamber of the heart; thickest-walled (thickerwalled than the right ventricle); largest muscular pump; contains papillary muscle and trabeculae carneae; blood enters the left ventricle from the left atrium; blood leaves the left ventricle and enters the aorta; thus, the left ventricle forms the systemic pump to the body tissues

*the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle

(8th edition)

Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System

Arteries vs. Veins ARTERY - moves blood away from the heart VEIN - carries blood toward the heart

Arterial Blood vs. Venous Blood ARTERIAL BLOOD - often called oxygenated blood; it has more oxygen (O2) and less carbon dioxide (CO2) than venous blood VENOUS BLOOD - often called deoxygenated blood, although it still contains oxygen; it has less oxygen (O2) and more carbon dioxide (CO2) than arterial blood arterial blood and venous blood can be found in BOTH arteries and veins; thus, arterial blood is not always found in arteries and venous blood is not always found in veins! These names only refer to the type of blood; look at figure 18.5 to see the locations of arterial and venous blood  venous blood is found in the superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries (pulmonary arteries have venous blood!) arterial blood is found in the pulmonary veins (pulmonary veins have arterial blood!), left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta

(8th edition)

Heart Valves (fig. 18.8)

semilunar valves - they are half-moon or crescent-shaped  PULMONARY (=PULMONIC) SEMILUNAR VALVE - the right semilunar valve; separates the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk  AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE (=AORTIC VALVE) - the left semilunar valve; separates the left ventricle and aorta atrio-ventricular valves (AV valves) - separate the atria from the ventricles  TRICUSPID VALVE - the right AV valve; separates the right atrium and right ventricle  BICUSPID (=MITRAL) VALVE - the left AV valve; separates the left atrium and left ventricle

(8th edition)

Heart Valves (fig. 18.9, 18.10)

heart valve function (fig. 18.9, 18.10); [NOTE: some textbooks use the terms atrial systole and atrial diastole vs. ventricular systole and ventricular diastole; in this course we will only say systole or diastole -- both referring to events occurring in the ventricles only]  semilunar valves - the right and left ventricles contract at the same time (called SYSTOLE) and push blood through the semilunar valves; thus, the semilunar valves both open at the same time; the AV valves always remain closed when the semilunar valves are open; during DIASTOLE (relaxation of the ventricles) the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open

*blood pressure inside the ventricles opens the semilunar valves and the backflow of blood in the pulmonary trunk and aorta closes the semilunar valves  AV valves - while the right and left ventricles are relaxed (called diastole) the semilunar valves remain closed and the AV valves open, allowing blood to flow from the right and left atria into the right and left ventricles; during systole (contraction of the ventricles) the AV valves are kept closed by the action of the papillary muscles and CHORDAE TENDINEAE

*blood pressure inside the ventricles closes the AV valves and the relaxation of the ventricles allows the AV valves to open

(8th edition)

Properties of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

Microscopic Anatomy (fig. 18.11) INTERCALATED DISCS are dark-staining junctions between cardiac muscle fibers; they contain GAP JUNCTIONS, which allow ions to pass from cell to cell; this transmits electrical current across the entire heart because of the action of the gap junctions, the myocardium acts as a single coordinated unit called a FUNCTIONAL SYNCYTIUM cardiac muscle is very similar in structure to skeletal muscle; it is striated in appearance and contains myofibrils, T-tubules, A bands, I bands, Z discs, sarcoplasmic reticula, etc.

(8th edition)

Properties of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

Mechanism and Events of Contraction (fig. 18.12, 18.13); I highly recommend that you view the Interactive Physiology tutorial called Cardiac Action Potential as you read through the following information; it contains helpful audio and animations; information on how to access the tutorial can be found on the BIO 202 course website, Unit 2, Step 4. AUTORHYTHMIC CELLS depolarize spontaneously, without any input from the nervous system        voltage regulated channels open in response to certain voltage levels these cells depolarize due to a slow continuous influx of Na+ and a reduced efflux of K+ this changes the normal resting membrane potential such that it is less negative inside when the membrane potential reaches -40 mV fast Ca++ channels open and calcium rushes in this results in a rapid depolarization this rapid depolarization triggers the opening of K+ channels in which potassium rushes out causing a repolarization of the cell continuously Ca++, Na+, and K+ pumps are pumping calcium and sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell to restore normal resting ion equilibrium

(8th edition)

Properties of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

Mechanism and Events of Contraction (fig. 18.12, 18.13); I highly recommend that you view the Interactive Physiology tutorial called Cardiac Action Potential as you read through the following information; it contains helpful audio and animations; information on how to access the tutorial can be found on the BIO 202 course website, Unit 2, Step 4. CONTRACTILE CELLS - produce an action potential, but do not depolarize spontaneously

 

the movement of positive ions (K+, Na+, and Ca++) through the gap junctions initiates depolarization a certain level of depolarization stimulates the opening of fast Na+ channels resulting in a rapid influx of sodium; this results in a depolarization this depolarization triggers the opening of slow Ca++ channels; the Ca++ influx briefly balances the K+ producing a plateau in the depolarization when more K+ channels open the membrane is then quickly repolarized the ion pumps restore the normal resting ion equilibrium by pumping Ca++ and Na+ out and K+ in

  

(8th edition)

This concludes the current lecture topic

Be sure to read the next lecture topic: The Heart Part 2 of 2 (close the current window to exit the PowerPoint and return to the Unit 2 Startpage)

All text contained in this PowerPoint is covered by the following Copyright: Copyright 2009. Robert Wakefield. All rights reserved. To request permission to use materials contained on this website please send an email to Robert Wakefield at rwakefield@Pima.edu

(8th edition)