T5.

1 Chapter Outline

Chapter 5
Introduction to Valuation: The Time Value of Money Chapter Organization
 5.1 Future Value and Compounding

 5.2 Present Value and Discounting

 5.3 More on Present and Future Values

 5.4 Summary and Conclusions

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T5.2 Time Value Terminology

 Consider the time line below:

0 PV

3 ...

t FV

 PV is the Present Value, that is, the value today.  FV is the Future Value, or the value at a future date.  The number of time periods between the Present Value and

the Future Value is represented by t.

 The rate of interest is called r.  All time value questions involve the four values above: PV,

FV, r, and t. Given three of them, it is always possible to calculate the fourth.
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T5.3 Future Value for a Lump Sum

 Notice that  1. $110 = $100 v (1 + .10)  2. $121 = $110 v (1 + .10) = $100 v 1.10 v 1.10 = $100 v 1.102  3. $133.10 = $121 v (1 + .10) = $100 v 1.10 v 1.10 v 1.10 = $100 v ________

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T5.3 Future Value for a Lump Sum

 Notice that  1. $110 = $100 v (1 + .10)  2. $121 = $110 v (1 + .10) = $100 v 1.10 v 1.10 = $100 v 1.102  3. $133.10 = $121 v (1 + .10) = $100 v 1.10 v 1.10 v 1.10 = $100 v (1.10)3  In general, the future value, FVt, of $1 invested today at r%

for t periods is

FVt = $1 v (1 + r)t
 The expression (1 + r)t is the future value interest factor.

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T5.4 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 1 of 5

 Q.

Deposit $5,000 today in an account paying 12%. How much will you have in 6 years? How much is simple interest? How much is compound interest? Multiply the $5000 by the future value interest factor: $5000 v (1 + r )t = $5000 v ___________ = $5000 v 1.9738227 = $9869.11

 A.

At 12%, the simple interest is .12 v $5000 = $_____ per year. After 6 years, this is 6 v $600 = $_____ ; the difference between compound and simple interest is thus $_____ - $3600 = $_____

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T5.4 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 1 of 5

 Q.

Deposit $5,000 today in an account paying 12%. How much will you have in 6 years? How much is simple interest? How much is compound interest? Multiply the $5000 by the future value interest factor: $5000 v (1 + r )t = $5000 v (1.12)6 = $5000 v 1.9738227 = $9869.11

 A.

At 12%, the simple interest is .12 v $5000 = $600 per year. After 6 years, this is 6 v $600 = $3600; the difference between compound and simple interest is thus $4869.11 - $3600 = $1269.11

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T5.5 Interest on Interest Illustration

Q. You have just won a $1 million jackpot in the state lottery. You can buy a ten year certificate of deposit which pays 6% compounded annually. Alternatively, you can give the $1 million to your brother-in-law, who promises to pay you 6% simple interest annually over the ten year period. Which alternative will provide you with more money at the end of ten years?

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T5.5 Interest on Interest Illustration Q. You have just won a $1 million jackpot in the state lottery. You can buy a ten year certificate of deposit which pays 6% compounded annually. Alternatively, you can give the $1 million to your brother-in-law, who promises to pay you 6% simple interest annually over the ten year period. Which alternative will provide you with more money at the end of ten years? A. The future value of the CD is $1 million x (1.06)10 = $1,790,847.70. The future value of the investment with your brother-in-law, on the other hand, is $1 million + $1 million (.06)(10) = $1,600,000. Compounding (or interest on interest), results in incremental wealth of nearly $191,000. (Of course we havent even begun to address the risk of handing your brother-in-law $1 million!)
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T5.6 Future Value of $100 at 10 Percent (Table 5.1)

Beginning Simple Compound Year Amount Interest Interest 1 2 3 4 5 $100.00 110.00 121.00 133.10 146.41 Totals $10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 $50.00 $ 0.00 1.00 2.10 3.31 4.64 $ 11.05

Total Interest Earned $10.00 11.00 12.10 13.31 14.64 $ 61.05

Ending Amount $110.00 121.00 133.10 146.41 161.05

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T5.7 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 2 of 5

 Want to be a millionaire? No problem!

Suppose you are currently 21 years old, and can earn 10 percent on your money. How much must you invest today in order to accumulate $1 million by the time you reach age 65?

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T5.7 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 2 of 5 (concluded)

 First define the variables: FV = $1 million

r = 10 percent
PV = ?

t = 65 - 21 = 44 years the present value:

$1 million = PV v (1.10)44

 Set this up as a future value equation and solve for

PV = $1 million/(1.10) 44 = $15,091.  Of course, weve ignored taxes and other

complications, but stay tuned - right now you need to figure out where to get $15,000!
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T5.8 Present Value for a Lump Sum

 Q. Suppose you need $20,000 in three years to pay your

college tuition. If you can earn 8% on your money, how much do you need today?
 A. Here we know the future value is $20,000, the rate (8%),

and the number of periods (3). What is the unknown present amount (i.e., the present value)? From before: FVt = PV v (1 + r )t $20,000 = PV v __________ Rearranging: PV = $20,000/(1.08)3 = $ ________

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T5.8 Present Value for a Lump Sum

 Q. Suppose you need $20,000 in three years to pay your

college tuition. If you can earn 8% on your money, how much do you need today?
 A. Here we know the future value is $20,000, the rate (8%),

and the number of periods (3). What is the unknown present amount (i.e., the present value)? From before: FVt = PV x (1 + r )t $20,000 = PV x (1.08)3 Rearranging: PV = $20,000/(1.08)3 = $15,876.64

The PV of a $1 to be received in t periods when the rate is r is PV = $1/(1 + r )t

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T5.9 Present Value of $1 for Different Periods and Rates (Figure 5.3)

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T5.10 Example: Finding the Rate

 Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790. In his will, he gave 1,000

pounds sterling to Massachusetts and the city of Boston. He gave a like amount to Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia. The money was paid to Franklin when he held political office, but he believed that politicians should not be paid for their service(!). Franklin originally specified that the money should be paid out 100 years after his death and used to train young people. Later, however, after some legal wrangling, it was agreed that the money would be paid out 200 years after Franklins death in 1990. By that time, the Pennsylvania bequest had grown to about $2 million; the Massachusetts bequest had grown to $4.5 million. The money was used to fund the Franklin Institutes in Boston and Philadelphia.
 Assuming that 1,000 pounds sterling was equivalent to 1,000

dollars, what rate did the two states earn? (Note: the dollar didnt become the official U.S. currency until 1792.)

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T5.10 Example: Finding the Rate (continued)

 Q. Assuming that 1,000 pounds sterling was equivalent

to 1,000 dollars, what rate did the two states earn?

 A. For Pennsylvania, the future value is $________ and

the present value is $______ . There are 200 years involved, so we need to solve for r in the following: ________ = _____________/(1 + r )200 (1 + r )200 = ________ Solving for r, the Pennsylvania money grew at about 3.87% per year. The Massachusetts money did better; check that the rate of return in this case was 4.3%. Small differences can add up!

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T5.10 Example: Finding the Rate (concluded)

 Q. Assuming that 1,000 pounds sterling was equivalent

to 1,000 dollars, what rate did the two states earn?

 A. For Pennsylvania, the future value is $ 2 million and

the present value is $ 1,000. There are 200 years involved, so we need to solve for r in the following: $ 1,000 = $ 2 million/(1 + r )200 (1 + r )200 = 2,000.00 Solving for r, the Pennsylvania money grew at about 3.87% per year. The Massachusetts money did better; check that the rate of return in this case was 4.3%. Small differences can add up!

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T5.11 The Rule of 72

 The Rule of 72 is a handy rule of thumb that states the

following: If you earn r % per year, your money will double in about 72/r % years. So, for example, if you invest at 6%, your money will double in 12 years.
 Why do we say about? Because at higher-than-normal

rates, the rule breaks down. What if r = 72%? And if r = 36%? FVIF(72,1) = 1.72, not 2.00 FVIF(36,2) = 1.8496

The lesson? The Rule of 72 is a useful rule of thumb, but it is only a rule of thumb!
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T5.12 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 4 of 5

 Suppose you deposit $5000 today in an account paying r

percent per year. If you will get $10,000 in 10 years, what rate of return are you being offered?
 Set this up as present value equation:
FV = $10,000 PV $5000 = = PV = $ 5,000 t = 10 years

FVt/(1 + r )t $10,000/(1 + r)10

 Now solve for r:

(1 + r)10 = $10,000/$5,000 = 2.00

r = (2.00)1/10 - 1 = .0718 = 7.18 percent
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T5.13 Example: The (Really) Long-Run Return on Common Stocks

According to Stocks for the Long Run, by Jeremy Siegel, the average annual compound rate of return on common stocks was 8.4% over the period from 1802-1997. Suppose a distant ancestor of yours had invested $1000 in a diversified common stock portfolio in 1802. Assuming the portfolio remained untouched, how large would that portfolio be at the end of 1997? (Hint: if you owned this portfolio, you would never have to work for the rest of your life!)

Common stock values increased by 28.59% in 1998 (as proxied by the growth of the S&P 500). How much would the above portfolio be worth at the end of 1998?

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T5.13 Example: The (Really) Long-Run Return on Common Stocks

According to Stocks for the Long Run, by Jeremy Siegel, the average annual return on common stocks was 8.4% over the period from 1802-1997. Suppose a distant ancestor of yours had invested $1000 in a diversified common stock portfolio in 1802. Assuming the portfolio remained untouched, how large would that portfolio be at the end of 1997? (Hint: if you owned this portfolio, you would never have to work for the rest of your life!) t = 195 years, r = 8.4%, and FVIF(8.4,195) = 6,771,892.09695 So the value of the portfolio would be: $6,771,892,096.95! Common stock values increased by 28.59% in 1998 (as proxied by the growth of the S&P 500). How much would the above portfolio be worth at the end of 1998?

The 1998 value would be $6,771,892,096.95 v (1 + .2859) = $8,707,976,047.47!

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T5.14 Summary of Time Value Calculations (Table 5.4)

I. Symbols:
PV = Present value, what future cash flows are worth today FVt = Future value, what cash flows are worth in the future r t = Interest rate, rate of return, or discount rate per period = number of periods

C = cash amount

II. Future value of C invested at r percent per period for t periods:

FVt = C v (1 + r )t The term (1 + r )t is called the future value factor.

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T5.14 Summary of Time Value Calculations (Table 5.4) (concluded)

III. Present value of C to be received in t periods at r percent per period:

PV = C/(1 + r )t The term 1/(1 + r )t is called the present value factor.

IV. The basic present value equation giving the relationship between present and future value is:
PV = FVt/(1 + r )t

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T5.15 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 5 of 5

 Now lets see what you remember!

1. Which of the following statements is/are true?

Given r and t greater than zero, future value interest factors FVIF(r,t ) are always greater than 1.00. Given r and t greater than zero, present value interest factors PVIF(r,t ) are always less than 1.00.

2. True or False: For given levels of r and t, PVIF(r,t ) is the reciprocal of FVIF(r,t ). 3. All else equal, the higher the discount rate, the (lower/higher) the present value of a set of cash flows.
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T5.15 Chapter 5 Quick Quiz - Part 5 of 5 (concluded)

1. Both statements are true. If you use time value tables, use this information to be sure that you are looking at the correct table.

2. This statement is also true. PVIF(r,t ) = 1/FVIF(r,t ).

3. The answer is lower - discounting cash flows at higher rates results in lower present values. And compounding cash flows at higher rates results in higher future values.

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T5.16 Solution to Problem 5.6

 Assume the total cost of a college education will be

$200,000 when your child enters college in 18 years. You have $15,000 to invest. What annual rate of interest must you earn on your investment to cover the cost of your childs college education? Present value = $15,000 Future value t = 18 $200,000 FVIF(r,18) = $200,000 r=? = $15,000 v FVIF(r,18) = $200,000 / $15,000 = 13.333 . . .

 Solution: Set this up as a future value problem.

Solving for r gives 15.48%.

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T5.17 Solution to Problem 5.10

 Imprudential, Inc. has an unfunded pension liability of $425

million that must be paid in 20 years. To assess the value of the firms stock, financial analysts want to discount this liability back to the present. If the relevant discount rate is 8 percent, what is the present value of this liability? Future value = FV = $425 million t = 20 r = 8 percent Present value = ?

 Solution: Set this up as a present value problem.

PV = $425 million v PVIF(8,20) PV = $91,182,988.15 or about $91.18 million

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T6.1 Chapter Outline

Chapter 6
Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Chapter Organization
 6.1 Future and Present Values of Multiple Cash Flows  6.2 Valuing Level Cash Flows: Annuities and Perpetuities  6.3 Comparing Rates: The Effect of Compounding  6.4 Loan Types and Loan Amortization  6.5 Summary and Conclusions

CLICK MOUSE OR HIT SPACEBAR TO ADVANCE

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T6.2 Future Value Calculated (Fig. 6.3-6.4)

Future value calculated by compounding forward one period at a time

Future value calculated by compounding each cash flow separately

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T6.3 Present Value Calculated (Fig 6.5-6.6)

Present value calculated by discounting each cash flow separately

Present value calculated by discounting back one period at a time

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T6.4 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz: Part 1 of 4

Example: Finding C
 Q. You want to buy a Mazda Miata to go cruising. It costs $25,000.

With a 10% down payment, the bank will loan you the rest at 12% per year (1% per month) for 60 months. What will your monthly payment be?
 A. You will borrow ___ v $25,000 = $______ . This is the amount today, so

its the ___________ . The rate is ___ , and there are __ periods:

$ ______ = C v { ____________}/.01 = C v {1 - .55045}/.01 = C v 44.955 C C = $22,500/44.955 = $________

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T6.4 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz: Part 1 of 4 (concluded)

Example: Finding C
 Q. You want to buy a Mazda Miata to go cruising. It costs $25,000.

With a 10% down payment, the bank will loan you the rest at 12% per year (1% per month) for 60 months. What will your monthly payment be?
 A. You will borrow .90 v $25,000 = $22,500 . This is the amount today, so

its the present value. The rate is 1%, and there are 60 periods: = C v {1 - (1/(1.01)60}/.01 = C v {1 - .55045}/.01 = C v 44.955 = $22,500/44.955 = $500.50 per month

$ 22,500

C C

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T6.5 Annuities and Perpetuities -- Basic Formulas

 Annuity Present Value

PV = C v {1 - [1/(1 + r )t]}/r


Annuity Future Value FVt = C v {[(1 + r )t - 1]/r}

 Perpetuity Present Value

PV = C/r
 The formulas above are the basis of many of the calculations in

Corporate Finance. It will be worthwhile to keep them in mind!

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T6.6 Examples: Annuity Present Value

Annuity Present Value

 Suppose you need $20,000 each year for the next three

years to make your tuition payments. Assume you need the first $20,000 in exactly one year. Suppose you can place your money in a savings account yielding 8% compounded annually. How much do you need to have in the account today? (Note: Ignore taxes, and keep in mind that you dont want any funds to be left in the account after the third withdrawal, nor do you want to run short of money.)

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T6.6 Examples: Annuity Present Value (continued)

Annuity Present Value - Solution Here we know the periodic cash flows are $20,000 each. Using the most basic approach: PV = $20,000/1.08 + $20,000/1.082 + $20,000/1.083 = $18,518.52 + $_______ + $15,876.65 = $51,541.94 Heres a shortcut method for solving the problem using the annuity present value factor: PV = $20,000 [____________]/__________ = $20,000 2.577097 = $________________

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T6.6 Examples: Annuity Present Value (continued)

Annuity Present Value - Solution Here we know the periodic cash flows are $20,000 each. Using the most basic approach: PV = $20,000/1.08 + $20,000/1.082 + $20,000/1.083 = $18,518.52 + $17,146.77 + $15,876.65 = $51,541.94 Heres a shortcut method for solving the problem using the annuity present value factor: PV = $20,000 v [1 - 1/(1.08)3]/.08 = $20,000 v 2.577097 = $51,541.94

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T6.6 Examples: Annuity Present Value (continued)

Annuity Present Value

 Lets continue our tuition problem.

Assume the same facts apply, but that you can only earn 4% compounded annually. Now how much do you need to have in the account today?

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T6.6 Examples: Annuity Present Value (concluded)

Annuity Present Value - Solution Again we know the periodic cash flows are $20,000 each. Using the basic approach: PV = $20,000/1.04 + $20,000/1.042 + $20,000/1.043 = $19,230.77 + $18,491.12 + $17,779.93 = $55,501.82 Heres a shortcut method for solving the problem using the annuity present value factor: PV = $20,000 v [1 - 1/(1.04)3]/.04 = $20,000 v 2.775091 = $55,501.82

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T6.7 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 2 of 4

Example 1: Finding t
 Q.

Suppose you owe $2000 on a Visa card, and the interest rate is 2% per month. If you make the minimum monthly payments of $50, how long will it take you to pay off the debt? (Assume you quit charging stuff immediately!)

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T6.7 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 2 of 4

Example 1: Finding t
 Q.

Suppose you owe $2000 on a Visa card, and the interest rate is 2% per month. If you make the minimum monthly payments of $50, how long will it take you to pay off the debt? (Assume you quit charging stuff immediately!)

A long time: $2000 .80 t = 1.02 = t = years! A.

= $50 v {1 - 1/(1.02)t}/.02 1 - 1/1.02t 5.0 81.3 months, or about 6.78

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T6.7 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 2 of 4

Example 2: Finding C
 Previously we determined that a 21-year old could accumulate $1

million by age 65 by investing $15,091 today and letting it earn interest (at 10%compounded annually) for 44 years. Now, rather than plunking down $15,091 in one chunk, suppose she would rather invest smaller amounts annually to accumulate the million. If the first deposit is made in one year, and deposits will continue through age 65, how large must they be?
 Set this up as a FV problem:

$1,000,000 = C v [(1.10)44 - 1]/.10 C = $1,000,000/652.6408 = $1,532.24 Becoming a millionaire just got easier!

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T6.8 Example: Annuity Future Value

 Previously we found that, if one begins saving at age 21,

accumulating $1 million by age 65 requires saving only $1,532.24 per year. Unfortunately, most people dont start saving for retirement that early in life. (Many dont start at all!) Suppose Bill just turned 40 and has decided its time to get serious about saving. Assuming that he wishes to accumulate $1 million by age 65, he can earn 10% compounded annually, and will begin making equal annual deposits in one year and make the last one at age 65, how much must each deposit be?


Setup:

$1 million = C v [(1.10)25 - 1]/.10

Solve for C: C = $1 million/98.34706 = $10,168.07 By waiting, Bill has to set aside over six times as much money each year!
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T6.9 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 3 of 4

 Consider Bills retirement plans one more time.

Again assume he just turned 40, but, recognizing that he has a lot of time to make up for, he decides to invest in some high-risk ventures that may yield 20% annually. (Or he may lose his money completely!) Anyway, assuming that Bill still wishes to accumulate $1 million by age 65, and will begin making equal annual deposits in one year and make the last one at age 65, now how much must each deposit be?


Setup:

$1 million = C v [(1.20)25 - 1]/.20

Solve for C: C = $1 million/471.98108 = $2,118.73 So Bill can catch up, but only if he can earn a much higher return (which will probably require taking a lot more risk!).

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T6.10 Summary of Annuity and Perpetuity Calculations (Table 6.2) I. Symbols

PV FVt r t C = = = = = Present value, what future cash flows bring today Future value, what cash flows are worth in the future Interest rate, rate of return, or discount rate per period Number of time periods Cash amount

II. FV of C per period for t periods at r percent per period: FVt = C v {[(1 + r )t - 1]/r} III. PV of C per period for t periods at r percent per period: PV = C v {1 - [1/(1 + r )t]}/r IV. PV of a perpetuity of C per period: PV = C/r

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T6.11 Example: Perpetuity Calculations

 Suppose we expect to receive $1000 at the end of each of the

next 5 years. Our opportunity rate is 6%. What is the value today of this set of cash flows? PV = $1000 v {1 - 1/(1.06)5}/.06 = $1000 v {1 - .74726}/.06 = $1000 v 4.212364 = $4212.36

 Now suppose the cash flow is $1000 per year forever. This is

called a perpetuity. And the PV is easy to calculate: PV = C/r = $1000/.06 = $16,666.66

 So, payments in years 6 thru g have a total PV of $12,454.30!

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T6.12 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 4 of 4 Consider the following questions.

 The present value of a perpetual cash flow stream has a finite value

(as long as the discount rate, r, is greater than 0). Heres a question for you: How can an infinite number of cash payments have a finite value?
 Heres an example related to the question above. Suppose you are

considering the purchase of a perpetual bond. The issuer of the bond promises to pay the holder $100 per year forever. If your opportunity rate is 10%, what is the most you would pay for the bond today?
 One more question: Assume you are offered a bond identical to the

one described above, but with a life of 50 years. What is the difference in value between the 50-year bond and the perpetual bond?

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T6.12 Solution to Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 4 of 4

 An infinite number of cash payments has a finite present

value is because the present values of the cash flows in the distant future become infinitesimally small.
 The value today of the perpetual bond = $100/.10 = $1,000.  Using Table A.3, the value of the 50-year bond equals

$100 v 9.9148 = $991.48 So what is the present value of payments 51 through infinity (also an infinite stream)? Since the perpetual bond has a PV of $1,000 and the otherwise identical 50-year bond has a PV of $991.48, the value today of payments 51 through infinity must be $1,000 - 991.48 = $8.52 (!)
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T6.13 Compounding Periods, EARs, and APRs

Compounding period
 Year  Quarter  Month  Week  Day  Hour  Minute
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Number of times compounded 1 4 12 52 365 8,760 525,600

Effective annual rate 10.00000% 10.38129 10.47131 10.50648 10.51558 10.51703 10.51709
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T6.13 Compounding Periods, EARs, and APRs (continued)

 EARs and APRs  Q. If a rate is quoted at 16%, compounded semiannually,

then the actual rate is 8% per six months. Is 8% per six months the same as 16% per year?
 A. If you invest $1000 for one year at 16%, then youll

have $1160 at the end of the year. If you invest at 8% per period for two periods, youll have


FV = = =

$1000 v (1.08)2 $1000 v 1.1664 $1166.40,

or $6.40 more. Why? What rate per year is the same as 8% per six months?
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T6.13 Compounding Periods, EARs, and APRs (concluded)

 The Effective Annual Rate (EAR) is _____%. The 16%

compounded semiannually is the quoted or stated rate, not the effective rate.
 By law, in consumer lending, the rate that must be quoted

on a loan agreement is equal to the rate per period multiplied by the number of periods. This rate is called the _________________ (____).
 Q. A bank charges 1% per month on car loans. What is the

APR? What is the EAR?

 A. The APR is __ v __ = ___%. The EAR is:

EAR = _________ - 1 = 1.126825 - 1 = 12.6825%

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T6.13 Compounding Periods, EARs, and APRs (concluded)

 The Effective Annual Rate (EAR) is 16.64%. The 16%

compounded semiannually is the quoted or stated rate, not the effective rate.
 By law, in consumer lending, the rate that must be quoted

on a loan agreement is equal to the rate per period multiplied by the number of periods. This rate is called the Annual Percentage Rate (APR).
 Q. A bank charges 1% per month on car loans. What is the

APR? What is the EAR?

 A. The APR is 1% v 12 = 12%. The EAR is:

EAR = (1.01)12 - 1 = 1.126825 - 1 = 12.6825% The APR is thus a quoted rate, not an effective rate!
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T6.14 Example: Amortization Schedule - Fixed Principal

Year 1 2 3 4 5 Totals

Beginning Balance $5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000

Total Payment $1,450 1,360 1,270 1,180 1,090 $6,350

Interest Paid $450 360 270 180 90 $1,350

Principal Paid $1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 $5,000

Ending Balance $4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0

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T6.15 Example: Amortization Schedule - Fixed Payments

Year 1 2 3 4 5 Totals

Beginning Balance $5,000.00 4,164.54 3,253.88 2,261.27 1,179.32

Total Payment $1,285.46 1,285.46 1,285.46 1,285.46 1,285.46 $6,427.30

Interest Paid $ 450.00 374.81 292.85 203.51 106.14 $1,427.31

Principal Paid $ 835.46 910.65 992.61 1,081.95 1,179.32 $5,000.00

Ending Balance $4,164.54 3,253.88 2,261.27 1,179.32 0.00

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T6.16 Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 4 of 4

How to lie, cheat, and steal with interest rates:

RIPOV RETAILING Going out for business sale! $1,000 instant credit! 12% simple interest! Three years to pay! Low, low monthly payments!
Assume you buy $1,000 worth of furniture from this store and agree to the above credit terms. What is the APR of this loan? The EAR?
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T6.16 Solution to Chapter 6 Quick Quiz -- Part 4 of 4 (concluded)

 Your payment is calculated as:


1. Borrow $1,000 today at 12% per year for three years, you will owe $1,000 + $1000(.12)(3) = $1,360. 2. To make it easy on you, make 36 low, low payments of $1,360/36 = $37.78. 3. Is this a 12% loan? $1,000 r APR EAR = $37.78 x (1 - 1/(1 + r )36)/r = 1.767% per month = 12(1.767%) = 21.204% = 1.0176712 - 1 = 23.39% (!)

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T6.17 Solution to Problem 6.10

 Seinfelds Life Insurance Co. is trying to sell you an

investment policy that will pay you and your heirs $1,000 per year forever. If the required return on this investment is 12 percent, how much will you pay for the policy?
 The present value of a perpetuity equals C/r. So, the most a

rational buyer would pay for the promised cash flows is C/r = $1,000/.12 = $8,333.33
 Notice: $8,333.33 is the amount which, invested at 12%,

would throw off cash flows of $1,000 per year forever. (That is, $8,333.33 v .12 = $1,000.)

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T6.18 Solution to Problem 6.11

 In the previous problem, Seinfelds Life Insurance Co. is trying to

sell you an investment policy that will pay you and your heirs $1,000 per year forever. Seinfeld told you the policy costs $10,000. At what interest rate would this be a fair deal?
 Again, the present value of a perpetuity equals C/r. Now solve the

following equation: $10,000 = C/r = $1,000/r r = .10 = 10.00%

 Notice: If your opportunity rate is less than 10.00%, this is a good

deal for you; but if you can earn more than 10.00%, you can do better by investing the $10,000 yourself!

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T6.18 Solution to Problem 6.11

 Congratulations! Youve just won the $20 million first prize in

the Subscriptions R Us Sweepstakes. Unfortunately, the sweepstakes will actually give you the $20 million in $500,000 annual installments over the next 40 years, beginning next year. If your appropriate discount rate is 12 percent per year, how much money did you really win?

 How much money did you really win? translates to, What is

the value today of your winnings? So, this is a present value problem. PV = $ 500,000 v [1 - 1/(1.12)40]/.12 = $ 500,000 v [1 - .0107468]/.12 = $ 500,000 v 8.243776 = $4,121,888.34 (Not quite $20 million, eh?)

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T9.1 Chapter Outline

Chapter 9
Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria Chapter Organization
 9.1 Net Present Value  9.2 The Payback Rule  9.3 The Discounted Payback  9.4 The Average Accounting Return  9.5 The Internal Rate of Return  9.6 The Profitability Index  9.7 The Practice of Capital Budgeting  9.8 Summary and Conclusions
CLICK MOUSE OR HIT SPACEBAR TO ADVANCE

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T9.2 NPV Illustrated

Assume you have the following information on Project X: Initial outlay -$1,100 Required return = 10%

Annual cash revenues and expenses are as follows: Year 1 2



Revenues $1,000 2,000

Expenses $500 1,000

Draw a time line and compute the NPV of project X.

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T9.2 NPV Illustrated (concluded)

0 Initial outlay ($1,100) Revenues Expenses Cash flow $1,100.00 $500 x +454.55 +826.45 +$181.00 NPV 1 1.10

1 $1,000 500 $500 Revenues Expenses

2 $2,000 1,000

Cash flow $1,000

$1,000 x

1 1.10 2

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T9.3 Underpinnings of the NPV Rule

 Why does the NPV rule work? And what does work mean?

Look at it this way: A firm is created when securityholders supply the funds to acquire assets that will be used to produce and sell a good or a service; The market value of the firm is based on the present value of the cash flows it is expected to generate; Additional investments are good if the present value of the incremental expected cash flows exceeds their cost; Thus, good projects are those which increase firm value - or, put another way, good projects are those projects that have positive NPVs! Moral of the story: Invest only in projects with positive NPVs.
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T9.4 Payback Rule Illustrated

Initial outlay -$1,000 Year 1 2 3 Year 1 2 3 Cash flow $200 400 600 Accumulated Cash flow $200 600 1,200

Payback period = 2 2/3 years

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T9.5 Discounted Payback Illustrated Initial outlay -$1,000 R = 10% PV of Cash flow Cash flow $ 200 400 700 300 $ 182 331 526 205 Accumulated discounted cash flow $ 182 513 1,039 1,244

Year 1 2 3 4 Year 1 2 3 4

Discounted payback period is just under 3 years

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T9.6 Ordinary and Discounted Payback (Table 9.3)

Cash Flow Year 1 2 3 4 5 Undiscounted Discounted $100 100 100 100 100 $89 79 70 62 55

Accumulated Cash Flow Undiscounted $100 200 300 400 500 Discounted $89 168 238 300 355

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T9.7 Average Accounting Return Illustrated

 Average net income:

Year 1 Sales Costs Gross profit Depreciation Earnings before taxes Taxes (25%) Net income $440 220 220 80 140 35 $105 2 $240 120 120 80 40 10 $30 3 $160 80 80 80 0 0 $0

Average net income = ($105 + 30 + 0)/3 = $45

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T9.7 Average Accounting Return Illustrated (concluded)

 Average book value:

Initial investment = $240 Average investment = ($240 + 0)/2 = $120

 Average accounting return (AAR):

Average net income AAR = Average book value =

$45 $120 = 37.5%

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T9.8 Internal Rate of Return Illustrated

Initial outlay = -$200 Year 1 2 3 Cash flow $ 50 100 150

 Find the IRR such that NPV = 0

50 0 = -200 + (1+IRR)1 + +

100 (1+IRR)2 + +

150 (1+IRR)3

50 200 = (1+IRR)1

100 (1+IRR)2

150 (1+IRR)3
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T9.8 Internal Rate of Return Illustrated (concluded)

 Trial and Error

Discount rates 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

NPV $100 68 41 18 -2

IRR is just under 20% -- about 19.44%

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T9.9 Net Present Value Profile

Net present value 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 2% 6% 10% 14% 18% IRR 22% Discount rate Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flow $275 100 100 100 100

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T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return

 Assume you are considering a project for

which the cash flows are as follows: Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$252 1,431 -3,035 2,850 -1,000

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T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return (continued)

 Whats the IRR? Find the rate at which

the computed NPV = 0:

at 25.00%: at 33.33%: at 42.86%: at 66.67%:

NPV = _______ NPV = _______ NPV = _______ NPV = _______

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T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return (continued)

 Whats the IRR? Find the rate at which

the computed NPV = 0:

at 25.00%: at 33.33%: at 42.86%: at 66.67%:

NPV = NPV = NPV = NPV =

0 0 0 0

 Two questions:
 

1. Whats going on here? 2. How many IRRs can there be?

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T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return (concluded)

NPV $0.06 $0.04 IRR = 1/4

$0.02 $0.00

($0.02)

IRR = 1/3

IRR = 2/3 IRR = 3/7

($0.04)

($0.06)

($0.08) 0.2 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.52 Discount rate 0.6 0.68

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T9.11 IRR, NPV, and Mutually Exclusive Projects

Net present value 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2% 6% 10% 14% IRR A 18% IRR B 0 Project A: Project B: $350 $250 1 50 125

Year 2 100 100 3 150 75 4 200 50

Crossover Point

Discount rate 22% 26%

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T9.12 Profitability Index Illustrated

Now lets go back to the initial example - we assumed the following information on Project X: Initial outlay -$1,100Required return = 10% Annual cash benefits: Year 1 2 Cash flows $ 500 1,000

Whats the Profitability Index (PI)?

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T9.12 Profitability Index Illustrated (concluded)

 Previously we found that the NPV of Project X is equal to:

($454.55 + 826.45) - 1,100 = $1,281.00 - 1,100 = $181.00.

 The PI = PV inflows/PV outlay = $1,281.00/1,100 = 1.1645.

 This is a good project according to the PI rule. Can you explain

why? Its a good project because the present value of the inflows exceeds the outlay.

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T9.13 Summary of Investment Criteria

 I. Discounted cash flow criteria

A. Net present value (NPV). The NPV of an investment is the difference between its market value and its cost. The NPV rule is to take a project if its NPV is positive. NPV has no serious flaws; it is the preferred decision criterion. B. Internal rate of return (IRR). The IRR is the discount rate that makes the estimated NPV of an investment equal to zero. The IRR rule is to take a project when its IRR exceeds the required return. When project cash flows are not conventional, there may be no IRR or there may be more than one. C. Profitability index (PI). The PI, also called the benefit-cost ratio, is the ratio of present value to cost. The profitability index rule is to take an investment if the index exceeds 1.0. The PI measures the present value per dollar invested.

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T9.13 Summary of Investment Criteria (concluded)

 II. Payback criteria

A. Payback period. The payback period is the length of time until the sum of an investments cash flows equals its cost. The payback period rule is to take a project if its payback period is less than some prespecified cutoff. B. Discounted payback period. The discounted payback period is the length of time until the sum of an investments discounted cash flows equals its cost. The discounted payback period rule is to take an investment if the discounted payback is less than some prespecified cutoff.

 III. Accounting criterion

A. Average accounting return (AAR). The AAR is a measure of accounting profit relative to book value. The AAR rule is to take an investment if its AAR exceeds a benchmark.

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T9.14 Chapter 9 Quick Quiz 1. Which of the capital budgeting techniques do account for both the time value of money and risk?

2. The change in firm value associated with investment in a project is measured by the projects _____________ . a. Payback period b. Discounted payback period c. Net present value d. Internal rate of return 3. Why might one use several evaluation techniques to assess a given project?

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T9.14 Chapter 9 Quick Quiz 1. Which of the capital budgeting techniques do account for both the time value of money and risk? Discounted payback period, NPV, IRR, and PI 2. The change in firm value associated with investment in a project is measured by the projects Net present value.

3. Why might one use several evaluation techniques to assess a given project? To measure different aspects of the project; e.g., the payback period measures liquidity, the NPV measures the change in firm value, and the IRR measures the rate of return on the initial outlay.

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T9.15 Solution to Problem 9.3

 Offshore Drilling Products, Inc. imposes a payback cutoff of 3

years for its international investment projects. If the company has the following two projects available, should they accept either of them? Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash Flows A -$30,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 Cash Flows B -$45,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 250,000

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T9.15 Solution to Problem 9.3 (concluded)

 Project A:

Payback period

= 1 + 1 + ($30,000 - 25,000)/10,000 = 2.50 years

 Project B:

Payback period

= 1 + 1 + 1 + ($45,000 - 35,000)/$250,000 = 3.04 years

 Project As payback period is 2.50 years and project Bs

payback period is 3.04 years. Since the maximum acceptable payback period is 3 years, the firm should accept project A and reject project B.

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T9.16 Solution to Problem 9.7

 A firm evaluates all of its projects by applying the IRR

rule. If the required return is 18 percent, should the firm accept the following project? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash Flow -$30,000 25,000 0 15,000

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T9.16 Solution of Problem 9.7 (concluded)

 To find the IRR, set the NPV equal to 0 and solve for the

discount rate: NPV = 0 = -$30,000 + $25,000/(1 + IRR)1 + $0/(1 + IRR) 2 +$15,000/(1 + IRR)3
 At 18 percent, the computed NPV is ____.  So the IRR must be (greater/less) than 18 percent. How did

you know?

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T9.16 Solution of Problem 9.7 (concluded)

 To find the IRR, set the NPV equal to 0 and solve for the

discount rate: NPV = 0 = -$30,000 + $25,000/(1 + IRR)1 + $0/(1 + IRR)2 +$15,000/(1 + IRR)3
 At 18 percent, the computed NPV is $316.  So the IRR must be greater than 18 percent. We know this

because the computed NPV is positive.

 By trial-and-error, we find that the IRR is 18.78 percent.

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