Programming Lecture 9

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e
Chapter 9 Arrays
Chapter Objectives
Learn about arrays Explore how to declare and manipulate data into arrays Understand the meaning of array index out of bounds Become familiar with the restrictions on array processing
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 2
Chapter Objectives (continued)

Discover how to pass an array as a parameter to a method Discover how to manipulate data in a twodimensional array Learn about multidimensional arrays
Array
Definition: structured data type with a fixed number of elements Elements of an array are also called components of the array Every element is of the same type Elements are accessed using their relative positions in the array
One-Dimensional Arrays
One-Dimensional Arrays (continued)
One-Dimensional Arrays (continued)
intExp = number of components in array >= 0 0 <= indexExp <= intExp
Arrays
Array num: int[] num = new int[5];
Array List
Array List (continued)
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Specifying Array Size During Program Execution
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Array Initialization During Declaration

The initializer list contains values, called initial values, that are placed between braces and separated by commas Here, sales[0]= 12.25, sales[1]= 32.50, sales[2]= 16.90, sales[3]= 23.00, and sales[4]= 45.68
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Array Initialization During Declaration (continued)

When declaring and initializing arrays, the size of the array is determined by the number of initial values within the braces If an array is declared and initialized simultaneously, we do not use the operator new to instantiate the array object
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Arrays and the Instance Variable length

Associated with each array that has been instantiated, there is a public (final) instance variable length The variable length contains the size of the array The variable length can be directly accessed in a program using the array name and the dot operator
int[] list = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60};
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Arrays and the Instance Variable length (continued)

This statement creates the array list of six components and initializes the components using the values given
Here list.length is 6
int[] numList = new int[10];
This statement creates the array numList of 10 components and initializes each component to 0
Arrays and the Instance Variable length (continued)

The value of numList.length is 10
numList[0] numList[1] numList[2] numList[3] = = = = 5; 10; 15; 20;
These statements store 5, 10, 15, and 20, respectively, in the first four components of numList You can store the number of filled elements, that is, the actual number of elements, in the array in a variable, say numOfElement It is a common practice for a program to keep track of the number of filled elements in an array
Processing One-Dimensional Arrays

Loops used to step through elements in array and perform operations
int[] list = new int[100]; int i; for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) //process list[i], the (i + 1)th //element of list for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) list[i] = console.nextInt(); for (i = 0; i < list.length; i++) System.out.print(list[i] + " ");
Arrays (continued)
Some operations on arrays:
Initialize Input data Output stored data Find largest/smallest/sum/average of elements
double[] sales = new double[10]; int index; double largestSale, sum, average;
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Code to Initialize Array to Specific Value (10.00)

for (index = 0; index < sales.length; index++) sales[index] = 10.00;
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Code to Read Data into Array

for (index = 0; index < sales.length; index++) sales[index] = console.nextDouble();
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Code to Print Array

for (index = 0; index < sales.length; index++) System.out.print(sales[index] + " ");
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Code to Find Sum and Average of Array

sum = 0; for (index = 0; index < sales.length; index++) sum = sum + sales[index]; if (sales.length != 0) average = sum / sales.length; else average = 0.0;
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Determining Largest Element in Array

maxIndex = 0; for (index = 1; index < sales.length; index++) if (sales[maxIndex] < sales[index]) maxIndex = index; largestSale = sales[maxIndex];
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Determining Largest Element in Array (continued)
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Determining Largest Element in Array (continued)
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Array Index Out of Bounds

Array in bounds if:
0 <= index <= arraySize 1
If index < 0 or index > arraySize: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException exception is thrown Base address: memory location of first component in array
Declaring Arrays as Formal Parameters to Methods

A general syntax to declare an array as a formal parameter
dataType[] arrayName public static void arraysAsFormalParameter(int[] listA, double[] listB, int num) { //... } int[] intList = new int[10]; double[] doubleNumList = new double[15]; int number; arraysAsFormalParameter(intList, doubleNumList, number);
The Assignment Operators and Arrays
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The Assignment Operators and Arrays (continued)
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The Assignment Operators and Arrays (continued)
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Relational Operators Arrays

if (listA == listB)... - The expression listA == listB determines if the values of listA and listB are the same and thus determines whether listA and listB refer to the same array - To determine whether listA and listB contain the same elements, you need to compare them component by component - You can write a method that returns true if two int arrays contain the same elements
Relational Operators and Arrays (continued)

boolean isEqualArrays(int[] firstArray, int[] secondArray) { if (firstArray.length != secondArray.length) return false; for (int index = 0; index < firstArray.length; index++) if (firstArray[index] != secondArray[index]) return false; return true; } if (isEqualArrays(listA, listB)) ...
Arrays as Parameter Methods
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Methods for Array Processing
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Methods for Array Processing (continued)
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Parallel Arrays
Arrays are parallel if corresponding components hold related information
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Arrays of Objects
Can use arrays to manipulate objects Example: create array named array1 with N objects of type T T[] array1 = new T[N] Can instantiate array1 as follows: for(int j=0; j <array1.length; j++) array1[j] = new T();
Array of String Objects

String[] nameList = new String[5]; nameList[0] nameList[1] nameList[2] nameList[3] = = = = "Amanda Green"; "Vijay Arora"; "Sheila Mann"; "Rohit Sharma";
nameList[4] = "Mandy Johnson";
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Array of String Objects (continued)
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Arrays of Objects (continued)

Clock[] arrivalTimeEmp = new Clock[100];
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Instantiating Array Objects

for (int j = 0; j < arrivalTimeEmp.length; j++) arrivalTimeEmp[j] = new Clock();
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Instantiating Array Objects (continued)

arrivalTimeEmp[49].setTime(8, 5, 10);
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Arrays and Variable Length Parameter List

The syntax to declare a variable length formal parameter (list) is:
dataType ... identifier
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Arrays and Variable Length Parameter List (continued)
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A method can have both a variable length formal parameter and other formal parameters; consider the following method heading: public static void myMethod(String name, double num, int ... intList) The formal parameter name is of type String, the formal parameter num is of type double, and the formal parameter intList is of variable length The actual parameter corresponding to intList can be an int array or any number of int variables and/or int values

A method can have at most one variable length formal parameter If a method has both a variable length formal parameter and other types of formal parameters, then the variable length formal parameter must be the last formal parameter of the formal parameter list
foreach loop
The syntax to use this for loop to process the elements of an array is:
for (dataType identifier : arrayName) statements
identifier is a variable and the data type of identifier is the same as the data type of the array components
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foreach loop (continued)

sum = 0; for (double num : list) sum = sum + num;
The for statement in Line 2 is read: for each num in list The identifier num is initialized to list[0 In the next iteration, the value of num is list[1], and so on
for (double num : numList) { if (max < num) max = num; }
Two-Dimensional Arrays
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Two-Dimensional Arrays (continued)
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double[][] sales = new double[10][5];
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Accessing Array Elements
intExp1, intExp2 >= 0 indexExp1 = row position indexExp2 = column position
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Accessing Array Elements (continued)
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Two-Dimensional Arrays and the Instance Variable length

This statement declares and instantiates a twodimensional array matrix of 20 rows and 15 columns The value of the expression: matrix.length is 20, the number of rows
Two-Dimensional Arrays and the Instance Variable length (continued)

Each row of matrix is a one-dimensional array; matrix[0], in fact, refers to the first row The value of the expression:
matrix[0].length
is 15, the number of columns in the first row matrix[1].length gives the number of columns in the second row, which in this case is 15, and so on
Two-Dimensional Arrays: Special Cases
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Two-Dimensional Arrays: Special Cases (continued)

Create columns
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Two-Dimensional Array Initialization During Declaration
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Two-Dimensional Array Initialization During Declaration (continued)

To initialize a two-dimensional array when it is declared
- The elements of each row are enclosed within braces and separated by commas - All rows are enclosed within braces
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Two-Dimensional Array Initialization During Declaration (continued)
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Three ways to process 2-D arrays
Entire array Particular row of array (row processing) Particular column of array (column processing)
Processing algorithms similar to processing algorithms of one-dimensional arrays
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Two-Dimensional Arrays: Processing

Initialization
for (row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) for (col = 0; col < matrix[row].length; col++) matrix[row][col] = 10;
Print
for (row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) { for (col = 0; col < matrix[row].length; col++)
System.out.printf("%7d", matrix[row][col]);
System.out.println(); }
Two-Dimensional Arrays: Processing (continued)

Input
for (row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) for (col = 0; col < matrix[row].length; col++) matrix[row][col] = console.nextInt();
Sum by Row
for (row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) { sum = 0; for (col = 0; col < matrix[row].length; col++) sum = sum + matrix[row][col];
System.out.println("Sum of row " + (row + 1) + " = "+ sum);
}

Sum by Column
for (col = 0; col < matrix[0].length; col++) { sum = 0; for (row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) sum = sum + matrix[row][col];
System.out.println("Sum of column " + (col + 1) + " = " + sum);
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Largest Element in Each Row
for (row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) { largest = matrix[row][0]; for (col = 1; col < matrix[row].length; col++) if (largest < matrix[row][col]) largest = matrix[row][col];
System.out.println("The largest element of row " + (row + 1) + " = " + largest);
}

Largest Element in Each Column
for (col = 0; col < matrix[0].length; col++) { largest = matrix[0][col]; for (row = 1; row < matrix.length; row++) if (largest < matrix[row][col]) largest = matrix[row][col];
System.out.println("The largest element of col " + (col + 1) + " = " + largest);
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Multidimensional Arrays
Can define three-dimensional arrays or n-dimensional array (n can be any number) Syntax to declare and instantiate array dataType[][][] arrayName = new
dataType[intExp1][intExp2][intExpn];
Syntax to access component

arrayName[indexExp1][indexExp2][indexExpn]
intExp1, intExp2, ..., intExpn = positive integers indexExp1,indexExp2, ..., indexExpn = non-negative integers
Loops to Process Multidimensional Arrays

double[][][] carDealers = new double[10][5][7]; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) for (k = 0; k < 7; k++) carDealers[i][j][k] = 10.00;
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Programming Example: Text Processing

Program: reads given text; outputs the text as is; prints number of lines and number of times each letter appears in text Input: file containing text to be processed Output: file containing text, number of lines, number of times letter appears in text
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Programming Example Solution: Text Processing

An array of 26 representing the letters in the alphabet Three methods
copyText characterCount writeTotal
Value in appropriate index incremented using methods and depending on character read from text
Chapter Summary
Arrays
Definition Uses
Different Arrays
One-dimensional Two-dimensional Multidimensional (n-dimensional) Arrays of objects Parallel arrays
Chapter Summary (continued)

Declaring arrays Instantiating arrays Processing arrays
Entire array Row processing Column processing
Common operations and methods performed on arrays Manipulating data in arrays


Programming Lecture 9

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Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Chapter Objectives (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

One-Dimensional Arrays (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

One-Dimensional Arrays (continued)

intExp = number of components in array >= 0 0 <= indexExp <= intExp

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Array List (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Array List (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Array List (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Specifying Array Size During Program Execution

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Array Initialization During Declaration

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Array Initialization During Declaration (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Arrays and the Instance Variable length

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Arrays and the Instance Variable length (continued)

Arrays and the Instance Variable length (continued)

Processing One-Dimensional Arrays

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Code to Initialize Array to Specific Value (10.00)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Code to Read Data into Array

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Code to Print Array

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Code to Find Sum and Average of Array

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Determining Largest Element in Array

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Determining Largest Element in Array (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Determining Largest Element in Array (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Array Index Out of Bounds

Declaring Arrays as Formal Parameters to Methods

The Assignment Operators and Arrays

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

The Assignment Operators and Arrays (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

The Assignment Operators and Arrays (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Relational Operators Arrays

Relational Operators and Arrays (continued)

Arrays as Parameter Methods

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Methods for Array Processing

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Methods for Array Processing (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Methods for Array Processing (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Methods for Array Processing (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e