Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Biochemistry Elements & atoms Molecules & compounds Chemical bonds & chemical reactions Electrolyte, acid, bases & pH Inorganic & organic compounds Krebs cycle
Objectives
Define matter, element & atom Describe structure of atom Distinguish between atomic number & mass number of element Describe isotopes & radioisotopes Distinguish between ionic bonds, covalent bonds & hydrogen bonds Describe the different types of chemical reactions Differentiate between acids and bases & discuss how they relate to pH Describe the major groups of organic compounds that are important to human body Describe Krebs cycle
Composition of Matter
Elements fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N)
Atomic Structure
Nucleus
Protons (p+) Neutrons (n0)
Outside of nucleus
Electrons (e-)
Identifying Elements
Atomic number equal to the number of protons that the atom contains Atomic mass number sum of the protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Isotopes
Have the same number of protons Vary in number of neutrons
Radioactivity
Radioisotope
Heavy isotope Tends to be unstable Decomposes to more stable isotope
Inert Elements
Atoms are stable (inert) when the outermost shell is complete
Reactive Elements
Valence shells are not full and are unstable Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
Allow for bond formation, which produces stable valence
Chemical Bonds
Ionic bonds
Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Ions
Charged particles
Anions are negative Cations are positive Either donate or accept electrons
Ionic Bonds
+
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Chemical Bonds
Covalent bonds
Atoms become stable through shared electrons Single covalent bonds share one pair of electrons Double covalent bonds share two pairs of electrons
Polarity
Covalently bonded molecules
Some are non-polar
Electrically neutral as a molecule
Figure 2.8
Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Weak chemical bonds Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule Provides attraction between molecules
Hydrogen Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Atoms are united by chemical bonds Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H2O (water)
Bases
Release hydroxyl ions (OH ) Are proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
pH
Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers chemicals that can regulate pH change
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Insoluble in water
Lipids
Common lipids in the human body
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy
Lipids
Common lipids in the human body (continued) Phospholipids Form cell membranes Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D &some hormones
Lipids
Cholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
Proteins
Account for over half of the body s organic matter
Provide for construction materials for body tissues Play a vital role in cell function
Proteins
Fibrous proteins
Also known as structural proteins Appear in body structures Examples include collagen and keratin Stable
Proteins
Globular proteins
Also known as functional proteins Function as antibodies or enzymes Can be denatured
Enzymes
Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instructions for every protein in the body
Membrane protein P P
Solute
Solute transported
ATP
ADP + P Relaxed muscle cell (b) Mechanical work P X P + Y Reactants (c) Chemical work Product made X Y Contracted muscle cell
Membrane protein P P
ATP
ADP + P
ATP
(b)Mechanical work
ATP
ADP + P
P X P +Y X Y
Energy pathways
Cells requires energy in order to
Grow in size Repair Reproduce Production of organic molecules Neurotransmitters, keratin, etc
Aerobic respiration
3 stages:
1.Glycolysis
Glucose -----> Pyruvate Occurs in the cytoplasm
2.Kreb s cycle
Pyruvate -----> CO2 and H2O Occurs in the mitochondria
In Cytosol
In Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration
80% of the body s energy is generated through the Krebs cycle 20% is produced through glycolysis Glycolysis can only use glucose very little of which can be stored in the body at
any one time
Krebs cycle also uses fat a far more abundant energy source
Glycolysis
Does not require O2 Consists of 10 enzymatic reactions that convert glucose (6 carbons) into pyruvate (3 carbon) Needs : 1 glucose molecule & 2 ATP units Produce : 4 ATP units, 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate molecules
Krebs cycle
Named after Hans Adolf Kreb Also called the Citric Acid Cycle Takes place in the mitochondria Requires oxygen for the process to proceed Functions:
1) Load electrons and H+ onto the NAD+ and FAD molecules forming NADH and FADH2 (contain energy) 2) Produce 2 ATP units 3) Rearrange intermediates into oxaloacetate to recycle the carbon chains
Krebs cycle
Involves PREPRATORY STEPS 3 carbon Pyruvate is converted into 2 carbon Acetyl CoA NADH is formed from NAD+ and electrons from the Pyruvate molecule CO2 is produced by the addition of Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA (2 carbon) enters the cycle
Krebs cycle