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What is Wi-Fi?
The standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). Its like a common language that all the devices use to communicate to each other. If you have a standard, people can make all sorts of devices that can work with each other. Its actually IEEE 802.11, a family of standards.
The IEEE (Eye-triple-E, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.) is a non-profit, technical professional association of more than 360,000 individual members in approximately 175 countries. The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance started the Wi-Fi--wireless fidelity--certification program to ensure that equipment claiming 802.11 compliance was genuinely interoperable.
US Frequency Bands
Band UHF ISM S-Band S-Band ISM C-Band C-Band satellite downlink C-Band Radar (weather) C-Band ISM C-Band satellite uplink X-Band X-Band Radar (police/weather) Frequency range 902-928 MHz 2-4 GHz 2.4-2.5 GHz 4-8 GHz 3.7-4.2 GHz 5.25-5.925 GHz 5.725-5.875 GHz 5.925-6.425 GHz 8-12 GHz 8.5-10.55 GHz
Wi-Fi Standards
Standard Speed Freq band Notes 802.11 2 Mbps 2.4 GHz (1997) 802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz (1999) 802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4/5 GHz
ISM Band
ISM stands for industrial, scientific, and medical. ISM bands are set aside for equipment that is related to industrial or scientific processes or is used by medical equipment. Perhaps the most familiar ISM-band device is the microwave oven, which operates in the 2.4-GHz ISM band. The ISM bands are license-free, provided that devices are low-power. You don't need a license to set up and operate a wireless network.
U-NII bands
Ad Hoc Structure
Mobile stations communicate to each other directly. Its set up for a special purpose and for a short period of time. For example, the participants of a meeting in a conference room may create an ad hoc network at the beginning of the meeting and dissolve it when the meeting ends.
WLAN Architecture--Mesh
esh: Every client in the network also acts as an access or relay point, creating a selfhealing and (in theory) infinitely extensible network.
Not yet in widespread use, unlikely to be in homes.
To Wired Network
Infrastructure network
There is an Access Point (AP), which becomes the hub of a star topology. Any communication has to go through AP. If a Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a PDA, or a phone, wants to communicate with another MS, it needs to send the information to AP first, then AP sends it to the destination MS Multiple APs can be connected together and handle a large number of clients. Used by the majority of WLANs in homes and businesses.
Roaming
In an extended service area, a mobile station (MS) can roam from one BSS (Basic Service Set) to another. Roughly speaking, the MS keeps checking the beacon signal sent by each AP and select the strongest one and connect to that AP. If the BSSs overlap, the connection will not be interrupted when an MS moves from one set to another. If not, the service will be interrupted. Two BSSs coverage areas can largely overlap to increase the capacity for a particular area. If so, the two access points will use different channels, as we will explain later.
Antennas
All WLAN equipment comes with a built-in omni-directional antenna, but some select products will let you attach secondary antennas that will significantly boost range.
Antennas, continued
Antennas come in all shapes and styles:
Omni-directional:
Vertical Whip Ceiling mount
Directional:
Yagi (Pringles can) Wall mounted panel Parabolic dish
How does CSMA/CA (Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) Work?
RTS/CTS (Request-to-send/clear-tosend)
Use Request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) mechanism to avoid collision when two MSs cannot hear each other (blocked by a wall ). A terminal ready for transmission sends an RTS packet identifying the source address, destination address, and the length of the data to be sent. The destination station responds with CTS packet. The source terminal receives the CTS and sends the data. Other terminals go to the virtual carrier-sensing mode (NAV signal on), therefore the source terminal sends its packet with no contention. After completion of the transmission, the destination station sends an ACK, opening contention for other users.
DSSS in 802.11
Used by 802.11b Symbol transmission rate = 1Mbps Multipath spread of up to 1/1 Mbps = 1 s does not cause ISI. For indoor applications this ensures that the system does not suffer from ISI. Chip rate = 11 Mcps Resolution is on the order of 1/11 Mcps = 90 ns. Use Barker code (Example 3.16, p. 116).
Modulation
Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) is used.
Distribution
This service is used by mobile stations in an infrastructure network every time they send data. Once a frame has been accepted by an access point, it uses the distribution service to deliver the frame to its destination. Any communication that uses an access point travels through the distribution service, including communications between two mobile stations associated with the same access point.
Integration
Integration is a service provided by the distribution system; it allows the connection of the distribution system to a non-IEEE 802.11 network. The integration function is specific to the distribution system used and therefore is not specified by 802.11, except in terms of the services it must offer.
Association
Delivery of frames to mobile stations is made possible because mobile stations register, or associate, with access points. The distribution system can then use the registration information to determine which access point to use for any mobile station.
Reassociation
When a mobile station moves between basic service areas within a single extended service area, it must evaluate signal strength and perhaps switch the access point with which it is associated. Reassociations are initiated by mobile stations when signal conditions indicate that a different association would be beneficial; they are never initiated by the access point. After the reassociation is complete, the distribution system updates its location records to reflect the reachability of the mobile station through a different access point.
Disassociation
To terminate an existing association, stations may use the disassociation service. When stations invoke the disassociation service, any mobility data stored in the distribution system is removed. Once disassociation is complete, it is as if the station is no longer attached to the network. Disassociation is a polite task to do during the station shutdown process. The MAC is, however, designed to accommodate stations that leave the network without formally disassociating.
Authetication/deauthentication
Physical security is a major component of a wired LAN security solution. Wired networks equipment can be locked inside offices. Wireless networks cannot offer the same level of physical security, however, and therefore must depend on additional authentication routines to ensure that users accessing the network are authorized to do so. Authentication is a necessary prerequisite to association because only authenticated users are authorized to use the network. (In practice, though, many access points are configured for "open-system" mode and will authenticate any station.) Deauthentication terminates an authenticated relationship. Because authentication is needed before network use is authorized, a side effect of deauthentication is termination of any current association.