Artificial Intelligence

Submitted by:


NISHA JAIN ANURAAG CHANDAN ISHU MANN SHIVNANDAN TARUN

Introduction
AI is the field of science and technology that helps to develop computers that can stimulate the ability to think, hear, walk ,talk, and feel.John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines". TURING TEST


Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer Scientist.

The test was devised in response to the question, Can a computer think ?.


Result was +ve if interrogator can not tell if responses are coming from the M/C or Human.

One derivative of Turning test that is providing real value to online community is CAPTCHA.

Domains of AI
Expert System It is a computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise). It provide answer to the questions in a specific problem area by making human like inferences about knowledge contained in specialised knowledge base. Components of expert system: 1) Knowledge base 2) Software resources 3) Knowledge engineering

EXPERT SYSTEM

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ROBOTICS A Robot is a electro-mechanical device that can be programmed to perform manual tasks or a reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of variety of tasks. An intelligent robot includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to change in its environment. NATURAL INTERFACE APPLICATIONS SPEECH RECOGNITION The goal of speech recognition research is to allow computers to understand human speech. So that they can hear our voices and recognize the words we are speaking. It simplifies the process of interactive communication between people and computers, thus it advances the goal of NLP.

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such as, English) rather than in a computer language. The field of NLP is divided in 2 categories 1) Natural Language understanding. 2) Natural Language generation. VIRTUAL REALITY VR is computer stimulated reality. It had its origin in effors t build more natural, realistic, multisensory human-computer interfaces. It relies on multisensory input/output devices such as tracking headsets with video goggles and sterio earphones.

Case Study
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation (IPI), at the University of Bradford, is dedicated to supporting innovation in drug development and drug delivery.The IPI brings together strong science and in-depth market understanding.They develop new technologies and help organisations to improve their own technologies for pharmaceutical markets. Tools developed by IPI to help pharmaceutical companies: 1) Rule Generation data-mining exercise was carried out to generate rules from experimental data supplied by a large multinational pharmaceutical company. Data-mining aims to extract hidden knowledge from data, and this knowledge may be new to the formulator and outside the realm their expertise and experience. Without using these AI tools, knowledge that is hidden in data can easily be lost and not be capitalised on.

Data mining consists of five major elements

1. Extract, transform, and load transaction data onto the data warehouse system. 2. Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database system. 3. Provide data access to business analysts and information technology professionals. 4. Analyze the data by application software. 5. Present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table.
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Benefits of Data mining at various stages:

Research Stage instead of trial and error, data mining can help find drugs that have desirable activity Development Stage data mining can help predict who will benefit from drug Clinical Trials Stage data mining protects patients and helps regulate drug testing Commercialization Stage data mining can optimize use of sales resources like manpower, advertising(Eg: Web Mining Services like Dataplex)

2) Neural Network Modelling and Optimization The dataset was fed into the software and the neural networks were then built.It recognises the patterns and relationships in the data sets.Thus, learns to duplicate the results of the examples it processes. Using neural networks for modeling together with genetic algorithms for optimization allows a user to develop a formulation or process to meet stringent, often conflicting, objectives. Benifits: Manufacturers gain improved understanding of that process without having to actually run that process in real time. More effective and efficient use of limited resources. Reduction in costs and time of producing newer products.

3) Tablet compaction simulator A tablet compaction simulator is currently being developed to simulate compaction of particulates on a large-scale manufacturing. It is controlled by a dual-channel digital system linked to a computerbased HMI (human machine interface). It facilitates fully automated tablet production, data collection and test results analysis. This tablet compaction simulation software can be used to: Optimise process conditions e.g. rate, waste, rejects y efficiently develop multi-layer tablet designs y analyse tablet press production problems y determine maximum reliable tablet production speeds without risking production quality y investigate and measure temperature effects on tablet production.


4) Expert Systems
An expert system provides formulators an affordable means to capture knowledge in a documented form available to all. They are transforming the way in which pharmaceutical companies manage and retain formulation data. The IPI has established a partnership with KnowledgeBench, a software company, to offer an expert system which manages information and optimises decision-making at all stages of the formulation process.

Artificial Intelligence in Education



Educational Data Mining: Papers from the 2005 AAAI Workshop, ed. Joseph E. Beck, 24-31. Smart Machines in Education. Edited by Kenneth D. Forbus and Paul J. Feltovich. AAAI Press. "The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (IJAIED) is the official journal of the International AIED Society.

Artificial Intellignce in Education



Conceptualizing Intelligent Agents For Teaching and Learning. By Ali Jafari. Educause Quarterly. Volume 25, Number 3 (2002). Enter the Computer Tutor - PCs Can Help Kids Pass No Child Left Behind Tests. By Angie C. Marek. USNews.com's E-Learning Guide (November 2005). Visual-Syntactic Text Formatting: A New Method to Enhance Online Reading. By Stan Walker,Phil Schloss,Charles R. Fletcher,Charles A. Vogel, and Randall C. Walker.

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