GENETICS

J. Enrico & R. Alberca

DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Genetic material of cells

y

GENES units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT Called NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES

DNA Nucleotide Structure

Phosphate Group

O O=P-O O

CH2 O N C4 C1 C3 C2
Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)

Sugar (deoxyribose)

A HISTORY OF DNA
y

Discovery of the DNA double helix A. Frederick Griffith Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928) B. C. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. (1952) Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklins X-ray. (1953)

Watson & Crick proposed

DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases: ADENINE THYMINE CYTOSINE GUANINE DNA was made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way called the Complementary Rule

DNA Double Helix

Rungs of ladder Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C)

Legs of ladder

Phosphate & Sugar Backbone

DNA Double Helix

5

P
5 4 3 2 1

O O
1

3 4

P
5

T
O

A
O

Nitrogenous Bases
y

PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G)

A or G

PYRIMIDINES 3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C)

T or C

Chargaff s Rule
y y y

Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same same.

BASEBASE-PAIRINGS
H-bonds

Genetic Diversity
y

Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.

The Code of Life

y

The code of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur.

A T C G T A T G C G G

DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes

DNA Replication
DNA must be copied y The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing: A-T, G-C Gy

Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the new strand

Replication Quiz 1. Why is replication necessary? 2. When does replication occur? 3. Describe how replication works. 4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand:
A---? G---? C---? T---? A---? G---? A---? G---? C---? A---? G---? T---?

Replication Quiz
1. Why is replication necessary? So both new cells will have the correct DNA 2. When does replication occur? During interphase (S phase). 3. Describe how replication works. Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary nucleotides join each original strand. 4. Use the complementary rule to create the complementary strand: A---T G---C C---G T---A A---T G---C A---T G---C C---G A---T G---C T---A

(1961) Watson
y

& Crick proposed

DNA controlled cell function by serving as a template for PROTEIN structure.

3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON (which code for a specific AMINO ACID)

See p.303

AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of proteins.

DNA Transcription
y

DNA can unzip itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand. Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC acids.

DNA Translation
y The

cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

Transcription/Translation Quiz 1. Why is transcription necessary? 2. Describe transcription. 3. Why is translation necessary? 4. Describe translation. 5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. 6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC

1. Why is transcription necessary?

Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 2. Describe transcription. RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble MRNA. 3. Why is translation necessary? Translation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.

4. Describe translation. The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins. 5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. 6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine

AMAZING DNA FACTS

y

DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!! It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)

INHERITANCE OF TRAITS

Who was Gregor Mendel?

He was known as the FATHER OF GENETICS He discovered how traits were inherited GENETICS study of heredity HEREDITY the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Mendels Experiment
Mendel did his study on pea plants y Pea plants have many traits (tall/short, purple flowers/white flowers) y Pea plants can be self-fertilized or cross-fertilized
y

Types of Plants
y True-Breeding

- these plants always create plants that look like themselves

=
y Hybrids

offspring of true-breeding

plants

Hybrid

Dominance
Some traits are dominant over others. y Tall x Short = all tall offspring (hybrids)
y

*Tall is the dominant trait * Short is recessive

Genes and Alleles

y

Mendel discovered that each trait is controlled by two factors (alleles)

Round R
y

x
r

Wrinkled

Genes factors that determine your traits Example: seed shape ( round or wrinkled)

Explaining the Cross

y

When a parent makes sperm or eggs, their genes separate (PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION) The GAMETES (egg or sperm) contain either a T allele (tall) or a t allele (short)

Monohybrid Cross
P1

F1

WHAT IS GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE? GENOTYPE - The genetic make up of the organism (TT, Tt, tt) PHENOTYPE - what it looks like (tall or short)

Check for understanding

y

1. A one-eyed purple people eater is crossed with a

two eyed purple people eater. All of their offspring have two eyes. Which trait is dominant? 2. If you use the letter E for this gene. What is the genotype of the offspring? 3. Are these offspring the F1 or F2 generation? 4. If you crossed the offspring with each other? How many of the new offspring would you expect to have two eyes?

y y

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INTEGRATION

BIOMETRICS
y Biometrics

is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological data. In information technology, biometrics refers to technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for AUTHENTICATION purposes.

Reasons why using human body ?

y Every

human being are unique individual due to the DNA component present on our body and how this components are arranged.

Why are biometrics important?

y Biometrics

are used to: y secure facilities, y protect access to computer networks, y counter fraud, y screen people at our borders, y and fight crime.

Why are biometrics important?

y Biometrics

are used to manage identities for: y first responders at the scene of a natural disaster, y border patrol, y soldiers in theater, y and police officers on the street.

References:
1. 2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

www.dellpssovoy.com/DNA%20Notes.ppt www.creativechemistry.org.uk/activities/documents/fingerp rints.pdf http://www.creativechemistry.org.uk/activities/documents/fingerp rints.pdf http://www.123rf.com/photo_9259307_dna-3drender-illustration-isolated-on-whitebackground.html http://www.tip.duke.edu/independent_learning /cdrom_courses/clues_interactive.swf www.questbiometrics.com/resources/pics/

PROJECT BASED OUTPUT

Students will be given the bridge student project in connection to the topic on genetics and evolution. y Project c4-b y Project d4-b
y