Nimfa B.

Ogena
University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI)

It s a term used to describe population and how it relates to development There are three perspectives on population and economic development

1. Population growth promotes economic development (Slow to moderate population growth promotes economic development) 2. Population growth impedes economic development (Rapid population growth, of already large populations, impedes economic development) 3. Population growth is not related to economic development. (Population growth is only one of many factors that affect economic development)

8
Growth Rates in Population

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

-7

-2

-1

Growth Rate in GDP per Capita

Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.

Percent of Girls Enrolled in Secondary School

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total Fertility Rate
Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.

Percent of Population Living on <$2 per Day

100
80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4
Total Fertility Rate
Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.

2005

Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2011 World Population Data Sheet.

12 11 10 9 Old Stone 7 Age 8 6 5 4 3 1950 2 1 Black Death

1+ million 7000 6000 5000 4000 years B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C.

2100 Modern Age Middle Ages 2000 Future

New Stone Age

Bronze Age

Iron Age

1975

The Plague

1900 1800

3000 2000 1000 A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. B.C. B.C. B.C. 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

the largest numbers to its population than in any time in history. Despite the fact that the annual population growth rate has declined to 1.2 percent per year, world population grows by about 83 million annually.
PRB. 2011 World Population Data Sheet.

Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998).

Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.

More Developed Countries Latin America/ Caribbean Africa

Africa More Developed Countries

Latin America/ Caribbean Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific

1950

2050

. Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision (medium variant).

Source: PRB. 2011 World Population Data Sheet

88.57 million

Region IVA - CALABARZON National Capital Region Region III - Central Luzon Region VI - Western Visayas Region VII - Central Visayas Region V - Bicol Region Region I - Ilocos Region Region XI - Davao Region Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao Region X - Northern Mindanao Region VIII - Eastern Visayas Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN Region IX - Zamboanga Peninsula Region II - Cagayan Valley Region IVB - MIMARO Region XIII - Caraga Cordillera Administrative Region
2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000

Source: NSO. 2007 Census of Population and Housing

160 140 Population (in millions) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 27 89

147 142 133

Medium

High

Low

Census Population (in million)

Source: CPH various years and NSO/NSCB Official Population Projections

Population Growth Rate 1960-1970 1970-1975 1975-1980 1980-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 3.08 2.78 2.71 2.35 2.32 2.36

Source: NSO and ICF Macro (2009). 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey

Number of Deployed Overseas Filipino Workers by Deployment Type: 2003 - 2009

1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Deployed Landbased
Source: POEA. 2009 Overseas Employment Statistics.

Deployed Seabased

Net migration rate (per 1,000 population) 0 1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005- 20101955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database

Population momentum refers to the tendency of a population to continue to grow after replacement-level fertility has been achieved. A population that has achieved replacement or below-replacement fertility may still continue to grow for some decades because past high fertility leads to a high concentration of people in the youngest ages.
Source: Arthur Haupt and Thomas T. Kane. 1998. Population Reference Bureau s POPULATION HANDBOOK. 4th International Edition. P.79

70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

19 5

19 6

20 0

aged 0-14

aged 15-59

aged 60 or over

Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database

20 1

19 7

19 8

19 9

Percent of youth who have ever engaged in premarital sex, by sex and age group: Philippines, 1994 and 2002
Sex and Age Ever had Pre-marital Sex Engagement in Risky Sexual Behaviors Sex 1994 2002 Male 26.1 31.3 Female 10.1 15.7 Age 15-19 20-24 Total N

8.1 31.4 17.8 10,879

11.8 40.3 23.1 16,311

Source: Data from Natividad and Marquez (2004) in Raymundo and Cruz (2004) Youth Sex and Risk Behaviors in the Philippines

Multiple sex partners. In 2002, over a third (35.5%) had sex with more than one premarital sex partner (M 44.8%, F 10.6%) Casual and commercial sex
 2010 POPCOM/UPPI study revealed that call

center respondents have higher exposure to the following behaviors: casual, non-romantic regular sex (FUBU), sex with multiple partners, sex with the same sex, commercial sex, unprotected sex, early sex and premarital sex.

Multiple sex partners. In 2002, over a third (35.5%) had sex with more than one premarital sex partner (M 44.8%, F 10.6%) Casual and commercial sex
 2010 POPCOM/UPPI study revealed that call

center respondents have higher exposure to the following behaviors: casual, non-romantic regular sex (FUBU), sex with multiple partners, sex with the same sex, commercial sex, unprotected sex, early sex and premarital sex.

Contraceptive method mix during the first and last PMS, by sex: 2002
During first Pre-marital Sex Contraceptives Male Condom Withdrawal Pills Rhythm Others Any method 42.1 39.8 8.9 5.0 4.2 27.5 Female 37.7 37.7 15.1 8.2 8.2 14.9 Both Sexes 40.5 39.0 11.1 6.2 6.2 24.7 Male 45.2 32.7 11.2 7.0 4.0 26.6 Female 23.1 30.3 28.5 10.8 7.2 21.8 Both Sexes 38.2 31.9 16.6 8.2 5.0 24.8 During last Pre-marital Sex

Source: Natividad and Marquez (2004) in Raymundo and Cruz (2004) Youth Sex and Risk Behaviors in the Philippines

Lack of accurate information on adolescent sexuality including limited knowledge of youth and adolescents on reproductive rights and contraception Cabaraban and Linog (2005) on misconceptions of the respondents about contraceptives


     

Taking pills will result to giving birth to an abnormal child Use of Depo will make a woman feel faint Condom use is not acceptable to men; they find it unsatisfying to use Pills have lots of side effects either weight gain or weight loss Condom is not effective because it leaks Rhythm is unreliable, too taxing for a couple to count and determine the safe period IUD is believed to cause cancer of the vagina and the ovary

6 7.6 19982 20033 3.6 5.1 7.6 12.7 20033 20084 5.1 7.4 12.7 19.8 20084 Marital status 7.4 15-19 19.8 20-24

Longer exposure to sexual initiation

 The mean age at menarche for women 15-19 was 12.8 years in both

2003 and 2008. However, among women age 20-24, mean age at menarche was higher at 13.1 years in 2003 and 13.0 years in 2008

Delayed age at marriage and increasing live-in arrangements. More and more adolescents are postponing marriage and choosing to be in live-in arrangements
Living together 19931 19982 20033 20084 15-19 2.7 3.6 5.1 7.4 20-24 6 7.6 12.7 19.8

6 7.6 19982 20033 3.6 5.1 7.6 12.7 20033 20084 5.1 7.4 12.7 19.8 20084 Marital status 7.4 15-19 19.8 20-24

Engagement in non-sexual risk behaviors

Filipino youth s alcohol drinking and drug use by sex (in percent): 1994 and 2002
Non-sexual risky behaviors Females Ever Drunk Alcohol Ever Used Drug 36.5 1.0 1994 Males 73.6 10.9 BS 54.4 5.7 Females 60.2 3.2 2002 Males 81.0 19.7 BS 70.1 11.0

Source: Cruz and Berja (2004) in Raymundo and Cruz (2009) Youth Sex and Risk Behaviors in the Philippines

6 7.6 19982 20033 3.6 5.1 7.6 12.7 20033 20084 5.1 7.4 12.7 19.8 20084 Marital status 7.4 15-19 19.8 20-24

Parental Involvement
 General belief including among health workers, that discussion on the

use of condoms with young people promotes promiscuity leads young women and men to rely largely on getting information on sex and sexuality from peers which is often inaccurate and incomplete (Commission on Population, 2002).  In 1994, premarital sex among Filipino youth was found to be lower (17.4 percent) among those who were raised by both their biological parents compared to those who grew up in a different family set-up (20.0 percent) (Laguna, 2003).  In Cebu, Upadhyay and Hindin (2006) found that where parents make household decisions jointly, sons report delaying first sex. In households in which mothers have higher status, daughters report delayed first sex.  Galay (2010) found that the probability of having premarital sex decreases as quality of fathering improves

Population Variables

Development Factors Quality Basic Education for All

Manageable Family Size

Expanded Productive Capacity Gender Equity and Women Empowerment

Delay Entry to Marital Union Better Maternal and Child Health Protection and Safety of Migrants Increased Labor Force Participation Increased Income Environmental Development and Preservation

Couples have the responsibility to decide how many children to have in accordance with their religious beliefs and the demands of responsible parenthood for sustainable development
(Article XV Section 3.1 and Article II, Declaration of Principles and State Policies, Sections 9, 12, 14, 15 and 16 of the 1987 Constitution of the 1987 Constitution as cited in the PPMP Directional Plan 2001-2004)

Individuals construct their own life course through the choices and actions they take within the opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstances.

We need to EMPOWER people to enable them to help themselves achieve what they want

How do we ensure that Filipinos are empowered to make the right decisions toward their desired goals?

Nimfa B. Ogena nbogena@yahoo.com