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GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
with Vitamins, Minerals, and other Nutritional Agents
Abesta Baul Bergado Perigo Rodriguez Shepherd Yaez
ANTIEMETICS
Oh, Domz, hali na. Ikaw report ani.
Antihistamines
Act by binding to and blocking acetylcholine receptors, thus preventing the nauseous stimuli from being transmitted
Neuroleptic Agents
Act by binding with dopamine2 receptors to minimize the effect of dopamine and to limit emetic input in the medullary emetic center
Prokinetic Agents
Act by blocking dopamine, but also stimulate acetylcholine to increase gastric emptying
Serotonin-Blocking Agents
Act by blocking serotonin receptors in the GI tract and the CNS. They selectively antagonize 5-hydroxytrytamine3 receptors, thus preventing the transmission of afferent visceral and chemoreceptor triggers that cause nausea and vomiting
Antacids
Act by reducing the corrosiveness of the gastric acid and decrease pepsin activity
Sucralfate (Carafate)
Appears to combine with protein at the affected site to form an adherent complex that covers the ulcer and protects it from further attack by acid, pepsin, and bile salts
Misoprostol (Cytotec)
Decreases gastric acid secretion and possibly exert a protective effect on the mucosal surface of the stomach
Metoclopramide
Act by stimulating the motility of the upper GI tract without stimulating the production of gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions.
Metoclopramide
Act by stimulating the motility of the upper GI tract without stimulating the production of gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions.
LAXATIVES
Hmmm. Ciara, ikaw ani.
Stimulant Laxatives
Act by increasing the motility of the GI tract by chemical irritation of the intestinal mucosa or by a more selective action on specific nerves in the intestinal wall
Saline Laxatives
Act by drawing water through the intestinal wall by osmotic action and thereby increasing the fluidity of the stool and stimulate greater intestinal motility
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Act by absorbing fluid and swell in the intestine, thereby stimulating peristaltic action
Lubricant Laxatives
Act as lubricants to facilitate the passage of the fecal mass through the intestine
Stool Softeners
Are detergent-like drugs that permit easier penetration and mixing of fats and fluids with the fecal mass. This results in a softer, more easily passed stool
Suppositories
Act by releasing carbon dioxide gas when inserted rectally the gas distends the wall of the lower colon and stimulates the defecation reflex
Lactulose
When administered orally, this sugar is not digested or absorbed in the stomach or small intestine and passes to the colon unchanged. It is digested by colon bacteria to form acidic substances such as lactic acid, formic acid, and acetic acid. These compounds cause water to be drawn and retained by the colon, thereby increasing stool water content and producing a laxative effect
Enemas
The administration of liquids directly into the lower colon by the use of an enema is often useful in eliciting a laxative response, as well as in cleansing the bowel prior to a surgical, diagnostic, or obstetrical procedure
ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENTS
Ate MJ, ikaw na pud ani.
Anticholinergic drugs
Act by reducing intestinal motility and reverse the diarrheal condition
Adsorbents
Act by binding drugs, digestive enzymes, toxins, bacteria, and other noxious substances that may be the cause of the diarrheal condition
Protein
Essential for the synthesis, maintenance, and repair of body tissues; for energy production; for the continuation of enzymatic and immunological processes; and the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the vasculature
Fat
Provides the body with essential fatty acids and, along with carbohydrates, helps to spare protein for its tissue-building and repairing functions. It is also a carrier of fatsoluble vitamins, hormones, and components of human cell membranes
Carbohydrate
Spares protein from being used for energy, thereby allowing it to be used for tissue growth and repair; aid in fat utilization and prevent the breakdown of fat in the body
Copper
Cofactor for ceruloplasmin, helps maintain normal rate of red and white blood cell formation
Doxercalciferol
Synthetic vitamin D analogue; acts directly to stimulate and suppress parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
Folic acid
Stimulates production of red and white blood cells and platelets in some megaloblastic anemias
Paricalcitol
Synthetic vitamin D analogue; supresses parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure
Retinol (Vitamin A)
Stimulates and supports retinal function, reproduction, bone growth, epithelial tissue differentiation, and embryonic development
Selenium
Guards cell components against oxidative damage caused by peroxides generated during cellular metabolism