By Rajendra http://powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.

com Kumawat

Satellite Communication

What is satellite?
Satellite is a repeater in the sky. Receives uplink frequencies and translates to downlink frequencies and transmits back to the earth station after The translation is done to avoid +ve feed amplification back.Trying to receive and transmit an amplified version of the same uplink waveform at the same satellite will cause unwanted feedback, or ring around, from the downlink antenna back into the receiver

What is a communications satellite and how does it work?

A communications satellite is a radio relay station in orbit above the earth that receives, amplifies, and redirects analog and digital signals carried on a specific radio frequency. In addition to communications satellites.

In satcom the satellite acts as a media for the data transfer between the source and destination. Between the source and destination we use a pair of frequencies to communicate. The Satellite acts as a frequency translator and amplifier.

What are the different kinds of orbits?

An orbit is the path that a satellite follows as it revolves around Earth. In terms of commercial satellites, there are three main categories of orbits:

LEO( Low Earth Orbit)

500-2,000 km above the earth These orbits are much closer to the Earth, requiring satellites to travel at a very high speed in order to avoid being pulled out of orbit by Earth's gravity At LEO, a satellite can circle the Earth in approximately one and a half hours

 MEO( Medium Earth Orbit)

8,000-20,000 km above the earth These orbits are primarily reserved for communications satellites that cover the North and South Pole MEO's are placed in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit

35,786 km above the earth Orbiting at the height of 22,282 miles above the equator (35,786 km), the satellite travels in the same direction and at the same speed as the Earth's rotation on its axis, taking 24 hours to complete a full trip around the globe. Thus, as long as a satellite is positioned over the equator in an assigned orbital location, it will appear to be "stationary" with respect to a specific location on the Earth. A single geostationary satellite can view approximately one third of the Earth's surface. If three satellites are placed at the proper longitude, the height of this orbit allows almost all of the Earth's surface to be covered by the satellites.

GEO ( Geosynchronous Orbit)

Polar Orbiting Satellite

These satellites orbit the earth in such a way as to cover the north and south polar regions. These satellites if in a low earth orbit have to travel at a very high speed.

These satellites can be kept in low earth orbit (800 -900 km) or at 36000km apart.

Geo-Synchronous Satellite
Orbit on the equatorial plane - appears stationary Altitude of 36000 Kms.

Circular orbit around earth with period of 24 hours.

Coverage of about 1/3 of Earth. 2 deg. apart. Identified by Longitudinal position with ref. to Greenwich.

Advantage Of Geostationary Satellite

Simple ground station tracking requirements. Removes Satellite hand-over problems. Negligible Doppler shift

Inclined Orbit Satellite

A disadvantage of Geostationary satellites is that points on Earth beyond about 80 deg latitude are not visible. Inclined orbits, on the other hand can provide visibility to the higher northern and southern latitudes, although they require earth stations to continually track the satellite.

Technical Term
Geosynchronous Transponder Footprint Frequency Polarization Path Propagation Timing Satellite Access Link Performance

Geosynchronous
Geosynchronous means that the satellite is synchronized with the earth in time and direction. It means that is time taken by a satellite to complete its orbit around earth is equal to the time taken by to earth rotates around its own axis.

Transponder
Frequency band on the satellite is divided into several channels. Each channels are called transponder Each transponder have 40 MHz.

Satellite Footprint
Coverage of entire surface of earth that is visible by the satellite.

Frequency Bands use in Satellite Communication

Frequency Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band Ku-Band K-Band Ka-Band Range 1 to 1.5 GHz 1 to 3.9 GHz 3.9 to 8 GHz 8 to 12.5 GHz 10.95 to 18 GHz 18 to 26.5 GHz 26.5 to 40 GHz

Advantages And Disadvantages of Different Frequency Band

C-Band Adv. : Broad Footprint, little rain fade Disadv. : Weak signals, interference, large antenna sizes and amplifiers ExC-Band Adv.. : Broad Footprint, little rain fade, less interference Disadv. : Week signals, large antenna sizes and amplifiers Ku-Band Adv. : Focused Foot prints, no terrestrial interference small antenna and amplifier Disadv. : Interference to rain.

Ka-Band Adv. : Focused Foot prints, large unused bandwidths Disadv. : Interference to rain.

Satellites Uplink And Downlink Frequency in Different Bands

FREQUENCY BAND C-Band Ex.C-Band Ku-Band Ka-Band UPLINK 5.925-6.425 6.725-7.025 14.00-14.50 30.00 DOWNLINK 3.700-4.200 4.500-4.800 10.95-12.75 20.00

** all frequencies are in GHz.

VSAT Technology in Satellite Communication

VSAT stands for Very Small Aperture Terminal

It is a two way satellite ground station.

VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data or broadband data.

VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals or master earth station "hubs.

Satellite Link

Satellite

Uplink Downlink

Remote VSAT 1 Remote VSAT 2 Earth Station (HUB)

VSAT System Architecture Topologie s Star Topology

As the Hub is a powerful receiver and retransmitter , the remote VSAT sites are comparatively small. A central uplink site, such as a Network Operation Center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite

VSATs communicate to Hub on Inroutes and the Hub Communicates to VSATs on the Outroute

Mesh Topology
Each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site. VSATs are comparatively larger as they have to communicate directly with each other VSATs communicate directly with each other, Hub will be involved only for call

setup and then fade out.( Hub will not be involved in permanent Circuits)

Parts Of VSATs
Antenna Block Up Converter (BUC) Low Noise Block Converter (LNB) Orthomode Transducer (OMT) Interfacility Link Cable (IFL) Indoor Unit (IDU)

Types Of Antenna Prime Focus Antenna

Single Reflector Antenna. Feed horn is placed at the Focal point of the Reflector. Antenna Electronics are placed on Feed. More susceptible to Interference from Low elevation sources. More Blockage because feed. Antenna Efficiency is in the range of 60%. Low Cost Antenna. Primarily Used for Receive only applications.

Cassagrain Antenna
Main reflector is Paraboloid Sub-Reflector is hyperboloid and placed at Prime Focus Feed is Corrugated Horn and is placed at Center of the Main Reflectors. The paraboloid converges towards the Sub Reflector ( prime focus), which is then reflected by SubReflector to form a Spherical Wave converging on the Feed.

Gregarion Antenna
Main reflector is Paraboloid Sub-Reflector is Paraboloid and placed at Prime Focus Feed is Corrugated Horn and is placed at Center of the Main Reflectors. The paraboloid converges towards the Sub Reflector ( prime focus), which is then reflected by SubReflector to form a Spherical Wave converging on the Feed.

Offset Fed Antenna

Used for Smaller Earth Stations. Main Reflector is a section of Parabolic, cutoff above the axis. Feed is located below the axis giving a completely unblocked Aperture. High Antenna efficiency.

Block Up-Converter (BUC)

A BUC (Block Up-Converter) takes an LBand input and transmits it upstream to the satellite on Ka, Ku, or C band. BUC's are rated according to their output power. A low power Ka-Band BUC can transmit with as little as 2 watts, while a high power C-Band BUC can transmit with as much as 200 watts.

Low Noise Block Converter(LNB)

It is typically mounted at the focal point of the receiving parabolic dish. It's primarily used to amplify and convert received satellite signals into frequencies compatible with the satellite receiver.

Orthomode Transducer (OMT)

OMT is 3-port microwave waveguide system that split input power into two parts, allow the simultaneous operation of two outdoor radio units OMT can be directly mounted on the antennas that have circular waveguide connector.

Interfacility Link Cable (IFL)

Interfacility Link (IFL) Distribution Cable is an indoor rated, connectorized cable assembly that is used within a building to connect a fiber feeder splice point to an optical connector distribution panel.
The cable can be terminated with connectors at one or both ends in conjunction with various styles of fanout kits at any breakout length.

Indoor Unit (IDU)

Its Satellite Modem consists of Modulator and Demodulator. The IDU also determines the access schemes under which the VSAT would operate. The IDU also interfaces with various end user equipment, ranging from stand alone computers, LAN's, routers, multiplexes, telephone instruments, EPABX as per the requirement.