Nuclear Winter For Distribution 4

Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflict
Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA
Alan Robock
robock@envsci.rutgers.edu
http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock Version 2.1
Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflict Alan Robock, October 22, 2007
version 2.1 (update of Nuclear Winter, version 1.3)

Feel free to use this presentation for non-commercial purposes, including teaching and research. Be sure to look at the notes for each slide. At any time please email robock@envsci.rutgers.edu if you have any questions, comments, or corrections. The slides here are appropriate for one lecture at the advanced undergraduate/introductory graduate level, or for a public presentation. Feel free to edit it and only use those slides appropriate for your audience. For the more information and documentation of the scientific research behind these findings, see the list of publications at http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/robock/robock_nwpapers.html or http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/nuclear where you can download pdf copies of all the papers.
Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences
This presentation is based on the following scientific papers:

Toon, Owen B., Richard P. Turco, Alan Robock, Charles Bardeen, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, 2007: Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism. Atm. Chem. Phys., 7, 1973-2002. Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, Charles Bardeen, and Richard P. Turco, 2007: Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts. Atm. Chem. Phys., 7, 2003-2012. Robock, Alan, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, 2007: Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13107, doi:10.1029/2006JD008235. Toon, Owen B., Alan Robock, Richard P. Turco, Charles Bardeen, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, 2007: Consequences of regional-scale nuclear conflicts. Science, 315, 1224-1225. Robock, Alan, Owen B. Toon, Richard P. Turco, Luke Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, and Charles Bardeen, 2007: The continuing environmental threat of nuclear weapons: Integrated policy responses needed. EOS, 88, 228, 231, doi:10.1029/2007ES001816.
This material is based upon work supported by the US National Science Foundation, the US Department of Defense, and the Chaire du Dveloppement Durable de l'cole Polytechnique, France. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the Defense Department, or the cole Polytechnique.
This presentation is dedicated to Carl Sagan (1934-1996), who did more than anyone else to warn the planet of the dangers of nuclear winter, and who died much too young.
Nuclear Holocaust Cities burn Massive amounts of smoke Sunlight absorbed Ground bursts Massive amounts of dust Sunlight reflected
Very little sunlight reaches the ground Rapid, large surface temperature drops Nuclear Winter
Twenty years after the threat of nuclear winter was discovered, we now ask: 1. Although the Cold War and its associated nuclear arms race are over, could remaining nuclear arsenals still produce nuclear winter? 2. What would be the consequences of the use of a much smaller number of nuclear weapons in a regional nuclear conflict?
Twenty years after the threat of nuclear winter was discovered, we now ask: 1. Although the Cold War and its associated nuclear arms race are over, could remaining nuclear arsenals still produce nuclear winter? YES, AND IT WOULD LAST LONGER THAN WE THOUGHT BEFORE. 2. What would be the consequences of the use of a much smaller number of nuclear weapons in a regional nuclear conflict?
Twenty years after the threat of nuclear winter was discovered, we now ask: 1. Although the Cold War and its associated nuclear arms race are over, could remaining nuclear arsenals still produce nuclear winter? YES, AND IT WOULD LAST LONGER THAN WE THOUGHT BEFORE. 2. What would be the consequences of the use of a much smaller number of nuclear weapons in a regional nuclear conflict? NOT NUCLEAR WINTER, BUT MILLIONS DEAD FROM BLAST, RADIOACTIVITY AND FIRES, AND SEVERE IMPACTS ON GLOBAL AGRICULTURE FOR MORE THAN A DECADE.
This is also a story of new scientific results made possible through the development of more sophisticated, detailed climate models and the computers to run them on. Initial experiments were limited by available computer time, but pushed models to include aerosols for the first time. Now we can use sophisticated climate models, even for initial exploratory work.
Cray 1-A
IBM Blue Gene/L
Comparison of climate models used for previous and current nuclear winter simulations.
Study Model type Horizontal resolution (lat x lon) 12 x 15 none 10 x 180 4.5 x 7.5 4.5 x 7.5 4.5 x 7.5 4 x 5 4.4 x 7.5 4 x 5 4 x 5 Vertical levels 2 60 1 9 9 20 2 9 2 23 Seasonal cycle?/ Continuous? no no yes/yes yes/no yes/no yes/no yes/no yes/no yes/yes yes/yes Model top Length of simulation (x # of runs) 400 days (x 1) 300 days (x 10) 4 yr (x 9) 20 days (x 3) 20 days (x 3) 40 days (x 8) 30 days (x 21) 105 days (x 2) 1.5 yr (x 3) 10 yr (x 8)
Aleksandrov and Stenchikov [1983] Turco et al. [1983] Robock [1984] Covey et al. [1984] Thompson [1985] Malone et al. [1986] Ghan et al. [1988] Pittock et al. [1989] Ghan [1991]
Current work
AGCM SCM EBM AGCM AGCM AGCM AGCM AGCM AGCM AOGCM
Tropopause 38 km 20 km 20 km 32 km Tropopause 31 km Tropopause 80 km
AGCM = atmospheric general circulation model SCM = single column model EBM = energy balance model AOGCM = atmosphere-ocean general circulation model
Effects of regional nuclear conflicts The nuclear arsenal Climate model results Effects of global nuclear holocaust Analogs Biological effects Policy implications
This work is done in collaboration with
Luke Oman and Georgiy Stenchikov

Rutgers University
Brian Toon and Charles Bardeen

University of Colorado, Boulder
University of California, Los Angeles
Richard Turco
A Note About Language People in the business of designing and planning the use of weapons designed for murdering millions of people tend to use sanitized terminology to insulate themselves from the horror of their work. For example: Theater weapons I think of the Kennedy Center, but they mean weapons for use in a battlefield- to country-size war, as opposed to intercontinental, such as cruise missiles. Strategic weapons Intercontinental missiles. Countervalue targets Cities where innocent people live. Conventional weapons As if it is fine and normal to use them. Nuclear war To make people imagine the scale of wars they know of, such as World War II or Vietnam. I use the term nuclear holocaust, to more appropriately describe the effects.
One megaton (MT) is the explosive power of a million tons of TNT. 1 MT = 1000 kT = 106 tons = 109 kg = 1012 g = 1,000,000,000,000 g 1 MT = 1015 calories
World Arsenals (1985)

Warheads USA USSR Others Strategic USA USSR Others Theater Grand Total 9,800 8,600 300 ~19,000 16,000 14,000 600 ~30,000 ~50,000 MT 4000 6000 200 ~10,000 2000 3000 150 ~5,000 ~15,000
Total yield of all explosive bombs used in World War II (including Hiroshima and Nagasaki) = 2-3 MT! Total yield of all explosive bombs used in all warfare in the history of the world = 10 MT!
Todays arsenal (2007) is about 1/3 of the 1985 arsenal. It is the equivalent of the explosive power of about 5,000,000,000,000 kg (11,000,000,000,000 lbs) of TNT. If we divided this up and gave everyone on the planet his or her share, each person would have the equivalent of more than 750 kg (more than 1500 lbs) of TNT.
Center dot: Total firepower of WW II The rest: Current nuclear arsenal
First atomic bomb test, July 16, 1945

Hiroshima
August 6, 1945 A 15 kT bomb killed 150,000 people
Note: 15 kT = 0.015 MT = 1/1,000,000 of the 1985 world arsenal = 3/1,000,000 of the current world arsenal While current weapons are mostly more powerful than the initial one, it would take one Hiroshima-sized bomb dropped every hour from the end of World War II to 1993 to use up the current arsenal.
Time sequence of 20 kt airburst
20 kt airburst, 1.25 s 20 kt airburst, 3 s
20 kt airburst, 10 s
The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Samuel Glasstone, ed., USAEC, Washington, DC, April 1962; Revised Edition reprinted February 1964. http://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/atomic/nukeffct/
Alan Robock Department of Environmental 20 kt airburst, 30 s Sciences
Nevada Proving Ground - Complete destruction of House No. 1 located 3,500 feet from ground zero, by the March 17, 1953 atom blast at Yucca Flat. The time from the first to last picture was 2 1/3 seconds. The camera was completely enclosed in a 2-inch lead sheath as a protection against radiation. The only source of light was that from the bomb.
UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE
Photos courtesy of National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office. http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/photos/
Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Photo courtesy of National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office.
Scenes from the 1992 Gulf War
Uncertainty (Error bar)
Climatic disturbances and enhanced UV radiation Nominal years, most lasting fornuclear winter people on the planet in Significant cooling and jeopardy of starvation, darkening, average 10C extinction of cooling, (18F) global many species. of agriculture collapse
a nesr Al a bo Gt nerr u C l
and famine, 1,000,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 people in jeopardy of starvation.
Sagan and Turco (1990)
) 0991 (
Substantial nuclear winter
Current Nuclear Arsenals

Country Russia United States France China Britain Israel India Pakistan North Korea No. of weapons 10,000 10,000 350 200 200 75-200 40-50 <50 <15
Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, Bull. Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org
32 additional countries possess sufficient nuclear explosive materials that could allow them to construct more weapons, some in a relatively short period of time. The world could construct 100,000 more weapons with current material stockpiles. The totals for the United States and Russia do Alan Robock not include warheads awaiting dismantlement. Department of Environmental Sciences
What would be the consequences of a regional nuclear war using 100 15-kt (Hiroshima-size) weapons? This would be only 0.03% of the current world arsenal. Scenario: Weapons dropped on the 50 targets in each country that would produce the maximum smoke. 20,000,000 people would die from direct effects, half of the total fatalities from all of World War II. Portions of megacities attacked with nuclear devices or exposed to fallout of long-lived isotopes would likely be abandoned indefinitely. 5 Tg of smoke injected into the upper troposphere, accounting for fuel loading, emission factors and rainout.
What would be the consequences of a regional nuclear war using 100 15-kt (Hiroshima-size) weapons? We use the NASA GISS ModelE atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. - 5 Tg of smoke into the 300-150 mb layer (upper troposphere) at 30N, 70E on May 15 - 30-yr control run - 3-member ensemble for 10 yr
Daily smoke loading from one ensemble member. Alan Robock Absorption optical depth of 0.1 means that 90% of radiation reaches the surface. Department of Environmental Sciences
For a 5 Tg injection into the upper troposphere, the smoke quickly rises to a high altitude and has a 5 yr e-folding removal time, much longer than the 1 yr time for volcanic aerosols.
Global climate change unprecedented in recorded human history
Ways Agriculture Can be Affected by Nuclear War

Colder temperatures shortened frost-free growing season cold spells during growing season slower growth lower yield Darkness Less rainfall Enhanced UV-B (later) Radioactivity Toxic chemicals in atmosphere, soil, and water Lack of water supplies Lack of fertilizer Lack of fuel for machinery Lack of pesticides (but not of pests) Lack of seeds (and those that do exist are genetically engineered for the current climate) Lack of distribution system
Agricultural effects will include those on temperature, precipitation, reduction of sunlight, andRobock Alan enhancement of ultraviolet radiation. Department of Environmental Sciences
What would be the consequences of a full-scale nuclear war using the entire global arsenal? This would be the same as the standard nuclear winter scenario of 20 years ago, and would produce 150 Tg of smoke, put into the atmosphere in the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We use the NASA GISS ModelE atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. - 150 Tg of smoke into the 300-150 mb layer (upper troposphere) over the US and Russia on May 15 - 30-yr control run - 1 10-yr calculation
150 Tg
50 Tg
Summary Current nuclear arsenal nuclear winter Part of current nuclear arsenal targeted at cities and industrial areas nuclear winter Miniscule portion of current nuclear arsenal targeted at cities and industrial areas millions dead and potential for hundreds of millions to starve
Uncertainties
Climate model response sensitivity, aerosol advection Sub-grid-scale vertical motion of smoke Aerosol properties initial size distribution, absorption Aerosol coagulation Chemical interactions, including aerosol aging Ozone responses Dirty snow Amount of smoke
Nuclear Winter Analogs

Seasonal cycle Diurnal cycle (day and night) Firestorm: 1906 San Francisco earthquake Fires: World War II firestorms Dresden, Hamburg, Darmstadt, Tokyo (conventional bombs) Hiroshima, Nagasaki (nuclear bombs) Smoke and dust transport, Surface temperature effects Martian dust storms Asteroid impact dinosaur extinction Forest fires Saharan dust Volcanic eruptions
THE STORY OF AN EYEWITNESS By Jack London
Collier's, the National Weekly

May 5, 1906
Within an hour after the earthquake shock the smoke of San Franciscos burning was a lurid tower visible a hundred miles away. And for three days and nights this lurid tower swayed in the sky, reddening the sun, darkening the day, and filling the land with smoke. ... I watched the vast conflagration from out on the bay. It was dead calm. Not a flicker of wind stirred. Yet from every side wind was pouring in upon the doomed city. East, west, north, and south, strong winds were blowing upon the doomed city. The heated air rising made an enormous suck. Thus did the fire of itself build its own colossal chimney through the atmosphere. Day and night this dead calm continued, and yet, near the flames, the wind was often half a gale, so mighty was the suck.
This photograph, taken from a tethered balloon five weeks after the great earthquake of April 18, 1906, shows the devastation brought on the city of San Francisco by the quake and subsequent fire. (photo courtesy of Harry Myers)
Church of Our Lady, Dresden, Germany Destroyed by fire storm created by Allied bombing during WW II Kurt Vonnegut was a prisoner of war in Dresden when it was firebombed and described the experience in SlaughterhouseFive (1969).
He was down in the meat locker on the night Dresden was destroyed. There were sounds like giant footsteps above. Those were sticks of high-explosive bombs. The giants walked and walked. ... So it goes. A guard would go to the head of the stairs every so often to see what it was like outside, then he would come down and whisper to the other guards. There was a fire-storm out there. Dresden was one big flame. The one flame ate everything organic, everything that would burn. It wasnt safe to come out of the shelter until noon the next day. When the Americans and their guards did come out, the sky was black with smoke. The sun was an angry little pinhead. Dresden was like the moon now, nothing but minerals. The stones were hot. Everybody else in the neighborhood was dead. So it goes.
Slaughterhouse-Five (1968) by Kurt Vonnegut
Martian Global Surveyor
Asteroid impact or massive volcanism wiped out the large dinosaurs 65,000,000 years ago. This was the beginning of the Age of Mammals.
Yellowstone, June 8, 2007
Robock (1991)
Dust storms from the Saharan desert regularly demonstrate long-range tropospheric aerosol transport.
The Scream Edvard Munch Painted in 1893 based on Munchs memory of the brilliant sunsets following the 1883 Krakatau eruption.
El Chichn, before the 1982 eruptions

El Chichn, after the 1982 eruptions

El Chichn, 1982
(Robock and Matson, 1983)
Stowe et al. (1997)
1783-84, The Lakaggar (Laki), Iceland volcano erupted for 8 months, filling the atmosphere with particles, cooling the Eurasian continent and causing a collapse of the African and Indian monsoons.
M. C-F. Volney, Travels through Syria and Egypt, in the years 1783, 1784, and 1785, Vol. I, Dublin, 258 pp. (1788) reports on the famine in Cairo and the annual flood (inundation) of the Nile River. The inundation of 1783 was not sufficient, great part of the lands therefore could not be sown for want of being watered, and another part was in the same predicament for want of seed. In 1784, the Nile again did not rise to the favorable height, and the dearth immediately became excessive. Soon after the end of November, the famine carried off, at Cairo, nearly as many as the plague; the streets, which before were full of beggars, now afforded not a single one: all had perished or deserted the city. By January 1785, 1/6 of the population of Egypt had either died or left the country in the previous two years.
In addition there was Famine in India and China in 1783 The Chalisa Famine devastated India as the monsoon failed in the summer of 1783. The Great Tenmei Famine in Japan in 1783-1787, caused by the collapse of the East Asian monsoon, was locally exacerbated by the Mount Asama eruption of 1783.
Tambora in 1815, together with an eruption from an unknown volcano in 1809, produced the Year Without a Summer (1816)
Tambora, 1815, produced the Year Without a Summer (1816)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Mary Shelley
George Gordon, Lord Byron

Volcano Fatalities
The 1815 typhus epidemic in Ireland spread to England The 1816 Tambora eruption killed 35% of the people on Scotland, killing 65,000. Bad harvests immediately and Sumbawa (48,000 in 2 years, 10,000thein India The 1783 Lakifrom hunger and75% of alland 44,000 on livestock and 38,000 eruption killed which spread to Asia and disease) produced a cholera epidemic, and 160 of to the east. Lombok 24% km all the people on Iceland. century). Europe (the great cholera pandemic of the
Simkin et al. (2001)
Tambora, 1815, produced the Year Without a Summer (1816)
Darkness by Byron
I had a dream, which was not all a dream. The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the stars Did wander darkling in the eternal space, Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air; Morn came and wentand came, and brought no day, And men forgot their passions in the dread Of this their desolation; and all hearts Were chill'd into a selfish prayer for light: And they did live by watchfiresand the thrones, The palaces of crowned kingsthe huts, The habitations of all things which dwell, Were burnt for beacons; cities were consumed, And men were gather'd round their blazing homes To look once more into each other's face; . . .
Text of the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions May 24, 2002 Article I
Each Party shall reduce and limit strategic nuclear warheads, as stated by the President of the United States of America on November 13, 2001 and as stated by the President of the Russian Federation on November 13, 2001 and December 13, 2001 respectively, so that by December 31, 2012 the aggregate number of such warheads does not exceed 1700-2200 for each Party. Each Party shall determine for itself the composition and structure of its strategic offensive arms, based on the established aggregate limit for the number of such warheads.
http://www.armscontrol.org/documents/sort.asp
History of Nuclear Warheads
Total
Russia U.S.
Alan Robock Department of Environmental (2006). R.S. Norris, H.M. Kristensen, Bull. Atom. Scientists, 62 (4), 64 Sciences
Number of Nuclear Weapon Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences
Policy Implications of the Use of Nuclear Weapons

1. 1. A nuclear war cannot be won. Even a first strike would be suicide. Even a limited nuclear war could cause severe effects, if targeted at cities and industrial areas, and it is doubtful that a nuclear war could ever be limited. Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative, now the Missile Defense Agency) is not the answer, since it still does not work after 20 years of work. Even if it worked according to specifications, it would let in too many weapons, such as on cruise missiles. Indirect effects of nuclear winter are greater that direct effects. There would be many innocent victims in non-combatant nations.
1.
1.
1. Only nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe. Continuing American and Russian reductions set an example for the world, maintain the nuclear deterrence of each, and dramatically lowering the chances of nuclear winter.
It was a movie about American bombers in the Second World War and the gallant men who flew them. Seen backwards by Billy, the story went like this: American planes, full of holes and wounded men and corpses took off backwards from an airfield in England. Over France, a few German fighter planes flew at them backwards, sucked bullets and shell fragments from some of the planes and crewmen. They did the same for wrecked American bombers on the ground, and those planes flew up backwards to join the formation. The formation flew backwards over a German city that was in flames. The bombers opened their bomb bay doors, exerted a miraculous magnetism which shrunk the fires, gathered them into cylindrical steel containers, and lifted the containers into the bellies of the planes. The containers were stored neatly in racks. The Germans below had miraculous devices of their own, which were long steel tubes. They used them to suck more fragments
from the crewmen and planes. But there were still a few wounded Americans, though and some of the bombers were in bad repair. Over France, though, German fighters came up again, and made everything and everybody as good as new. When the bombers got back to their base, the steel cylinders were taken from the racks and shipped back to the United States of America, where factories were operating night and day, dismantling the cylinders, separating the dangerous contents into minerals. Touchingly, it was mainly women who did this work. The minerals were then shipped to specialists in remote areas. It was their business to put them in to the ground, to hide them cleverly, so they would never hurt anybody ever again.


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Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflict

Climatic Consequences of Nuclear Conflict Alan Robock, October 22, 2007

version 2.1 (update of Nuclear Winter, version 1.3)

This presentation is based on the following scientific papers:

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

IBM Blue Gene/L

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Tropopause 38 km 20 km 20 km 32 km Tropopause 31 km Tropopause 80 km

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

This work is done in collaboration with

Luke Oman and Georgiy Stenchikov

Brian Toon and Charles Bardeen

University of California, Los Angeles

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

World Arsenals (1985)

Center dot: Total firepower of WW II The rest: Current nuclear arsenal

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

First atomic bomb test, July 16, 1945

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Time sequence of 20 kt airburst

20 kt airburst, 1.25 s 20 kt airburst, 3 s

Alan Robock Department of Environmental 20 kt airburst, 30 s Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Scenes from the 1992 Gulf War

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Uncertainty (Error bar)

and famine, 1,000,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 people in jeopardy of starvation.

Sagan and Turco (1990)

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Substantial nuclear winter

Current Nuclear Arsenals

Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, Bull. Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Global climate change unprecedented in recorded human history

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Ways Agriculture Can be Affected by Nuclear War

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences