World energy scenario and various fuel alternatives

By:

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE TERM ENERGY?

Energy is the ability to do work Energy is a property or characteristic of matter that makes things happen, or, in the case of stored or potential energy, has the "potential" to make things happen

NATURE PROVIDES US WITH MANY RESOURCES

INTRODUCTION

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

INTRODUCTION

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Eg. coal, oil, natural gas etc & Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity.

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined petroleum products & The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes.

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power. The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants. Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

INTRODUCTION
Renewable and non renewable energy sources

Benefits of Renewable Energy Sources

The great advantages of renewable energy:

We can use it repeatedly without depleting it No contribution to global warming No polluting emissions Low cost applications when counting all costs Saving on health and its costs

Benefits of non Renewable Energy Sources

The energy sources like coal and oil are naturally present in the earth. The mining of coal is relatively cheap and easy. Oil is very efficient form of fuel.
All of these energy sources are easy to extract from earth and are convenient to use. Natural gas is much more environment friendly than coal and oil. The use of small amount of nuclear energy produces huge amount of heat with only small emission of radioactive substances. The only downside with the use of non-renewable energies is that they are depleting and are a cause of pollution.

PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO OF THE WORLD:

The total supply of energy in the world in 2010 is 11,500 MTOE and that in 2020 is expected to be 13,700 MTOE. The contribution of different energy sources to the total supply of energy in the world are Oil - 35.1% Coal - 23.5% Natural gas - 20.7% Renewable combustible wastes - 11.1% Nuclear - 6.8% Hydro - 2.3% Other sources 0.5% The proportion in which energy from different sources was consumed is Oil - 42.7% Natural gas 16% Electricity - 15.4% Renewable combustible wastes - 14.2% Coal - 8.2% Others - 3.5%

Present energy scenario of the world:

The world energy scenario depicts a picture of concern. The adverse effects on environment caused by the production and consumption of energy have resulted in severe environmental impacts across the globe.

The supply of energy is expected to remain adequate in coming years. However, imbalance of energy consumption is prevalent around the world.

According to estimates, energy consumption in developing countries is only one-tenth of that in the developed countries. The economic development of many countries is hindered due to energy poverty.

Present energy scenario of the world:

The scale and breadth of energy challenge is enormous-far greater than many people can realise. But it must be met. The diagram below clearly shows that the energy reserve is sharply going down

Population, primary energy and GDP dependence

For developed countries the population & energy demands are more or less constant however the GDP increases. For underdeveloped and developing countries all the three show a steep rise over the years.

World scenario

Population and income growth are the two most powerful driving forces behind the demand for energy. Since 1900 world population has more than quadrupled, real income has grown by a factor of 25, and primary energy consumption by a factor of 22.5. The next 20 years are likely to see continued global integration, and rapid growth of low and medium income economies. Population growth is trending down, but income growth is trending up. Over the last 20 years world population has increased by 1.6 billion people, and it is projected to rise by 1.4 billion over the next 20 years. The worlds real income has risen by 87% over the past 20 years and it is likely to rise by 100% over the next 20 years. At the global level, the most fundamental relationship in energy economics remains robust more people with more income means that the production and consumption of energy will rise.

Global energy efficiency curve shows a downward trend:

Global Energy Efficiency
10,000 9,000 8,000

BTU/$1,000 GDP

7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Future picture:
with the oil supply constantly decreasing and its demand constantly increasingthe world economy will go through an era of conservation to lifestyle change to sudstitution and finally to a state of deprivation

World primary energy demand!!

The demands are ever increasing with the growing economies ..

The continuing importance of coal in world primary energy demand

Though alternative energy sources are being worked upon extensive work is needed as is shown by the increasing dependence on primary energy sourcesWhich is alarming!!!

World oil production

The crude oil producing fields are alarmingly decreasing

Energy related CO2 emission:

with increasing energy demands which indirectly points to increased industrialization is increasing CO2 emissions also in similar pace..

The International future model

increasing energy demand.
Energy Demand
4.50 4.00 3.50
Index (2005=1)

3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

China EU Japan US

Comparison of scenarios
annual fossil fuel emissions are increasing however the slope of increase is different for different reasons.
Annual Emissions from Fosil Fuels (bil tons)
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Business as Usual Env Backlash Tecnology Political Chaos

Comparison of scenarios
annual energy demands are increasing however the slope of increase is different for different reasons.
Energy Demand (bil barrels OE)
150.00 140.00 130.00 120.00 110.00 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Business as Usual Env Backlash Tecnology Political Chaos

Adverse impacts of energy wastage:

Number of people without access to electricity (million):

Today, there are 1.4 billion people lacking access to electricity. Based on current trends, 1.2 billion people or 15% of the worlds population will still lack access in 2030

PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO OF INDIA:

Rapid economic development &Increasing population = High demand for Energy A sustained 8.2% GDP growth of India requires an annual increase of: Commercial energy supply from 5.2% to 6.1% Total primary energy supply from 4.3% to 5.1%
Currently, about 35% of Indias commercial energy needs are imported. Table 1-1 indicates the primary commercial energy consumption in India.

Energy scenario - India (contd..)

Indias current energy basket is coal dominated and is likely to stay this way in the near future. Limited domestic coal supply coupled with its poor quality, low level of technological advancements and high instance of environmental perils pose serious challenges for over dependence on coal.

Energy scenario - India (contd..)

Limited domestic reserves and uncertain foreign supply of hydrocarbons in wake of their rising international price have seriously impaired countrys energy security. India has the necessary inputs such as: Large untapped RE potential (an estimated 100,000 MW) Vast land resources for production of Biomass & Bio-fuels Abundant sunshine Large population and growing consumption will lead to greater pressure on ecology hence a need for close watch on emissions Plentiful sites for harnessing Wind and Hydro Energy. Hence there is a pressing need to explore Alternate Fuel Options which are sustainable, locally available and ecofriendly.

Why Renewable Energy is particularly relevant for rural India?

Nearly 55% of Indias rural population have no access to On-Grid Systems Vision 2012 of India aims for complete household, electrification in the country, providing minimum lifeline, electricity consumption of one unit per household/day

TARGET FOR ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-12)

Wind Power 3,500 MW

Small Hydro Power 1,400 MW

Biomass Power/ Co-generation/ Gasification 1,725 MW Solar Power 25 MW Solar Thermal Power 110 MW Energy from Urban/Industrial waste 140 MW Total fund Required US$ 8.96 Billio Budgetary Support by Government of India US$ 0.48 Billion Private Sector Investment (Equity + Loan) US$ 8.48 Billion

Industrial sector is the biggest energy consumer of India

The major commercial energy consuming sectors in the country are classified as shown in the Figure. As seen from the figure, industry is the biggest consumer of commercial energy and transport being the second largest.

Emerging options
Emerging options that could become good business within a 5 year horizon.

Solar energy as it is vastly untapped

Bio fuels produced from non-edible oil seeds

Geothermal Energy There are 300 geothermal spring site spread throughout the country

Ocean/Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells for standalone operations Small Electric Cars

SO WHAT CAN WE DO??

WHAT IS THE REMEDY????......

CAN ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY AND FUEL BE AN ANSWER????

ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY

INTRODUCTION
Powerful trends of industrialisation, urbanisation and motorisation continue to shape the modern energy economy. These trends are associated with increasing quantities of energy consumption.

increasing efficiency of energy use, in production and consumption. increasing diversification of sources of energy. increasing demand for clean and convenient energy at the point of use.

The first great wave of industrialisation was based on the steam engine, and on coal. Coal remained the dominant fuel until after WWII.
The next major transition came with electricity and the internal combustion engine, which enabled diversification away from coal. Oil replaced coal use in transport.

And while coal remains the principal fuel in power generation, it is gradually being replaced first by natural gas, and now by RENEWABLES.

Sources of Energy:
Fuel type
Pumped stored water at 100 m dam height Bagasse Wood Sugar Methanol Coal (anthracite, lignite, etc.) Ethanol (bioalcohol) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) Butanol Biodiesel Oil (medium petroleum average) Gasohol or E10 (90% gasoline and 10% alcohol mix) Gasoline Diesel Methane (gaseous fuel, compression-dependent) Hydrogen (gaseous fuel, compression-dependent) Nuclear fission (Uranium, U 235) Nuclear fusion (Hydrogen, H) Binding energy of helium (He) Mass-energy equivalence (Einsteins equation) Antimatter as fuel (estimated according to E = mc 2)

Energy content (MJ/kg)

0.001 10 15 17 22 23 - 29 30 34 36 38 42 44 45 48 55 120 90 300 675 89,880,000 180,000,000

CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES:

Energy Sources
Oil Natural gas Coal (conventional) B iomass, Methanol, E thanol Nuclear fission Hydro Coal liquefaction,gasification Tar S ands S olar (P hotovoltaics, solar power to W ind Geothermal 0 1 2 3 4 5 2005 2020

Thousands (mil TOE )

Examples of alternative energy sources:

Examples of alternative energy sources:

HYDROPOWER How Hydropower Works!

Hydrologic cycle

How Hydropower Works!

Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine. Turbine is connected to a generator

Power generated is transmitted over power lines.

Estimates of hydropower

Theoretical potential is about 40,500 TWh per year. The technical potential is about 14,300 TWh per year. The economic potential is about 8100 TWh per year. The world installed hydro capacity currently stands at 694 GW. In the 1980s the percentage of contribution by hydroelectric power was about 8 to 9%. The total power generation in 2000 was 2675 Billion KWh or close to 20% of the total energy generation.

Global Installed Capacity of hydropower

Under Construction

Large Scale Hydropower plant

BIOFUELS What are biofuels?

Biofuels are a source of energy similar to gasoline. Instead of coming from the ground through oil wells, however, we make biofuels directly from plants. Almost anything that grows from soil can be converted into biofuels. Because plants capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis, we can harness this energy in the biofuels to generate electricity or use as fuel for our cars.

What is wrong with our normal energy sources?

Currently, we pollute our planet with a gas known as carbon dioxide, or CO2. CO2 comes from things that burn gasoline or coal like power plants and cars. CO2 is a greenhouse gas and causes global warming. The more of it we release into the atmosphere, the warmer the earth becomes. A warmer earth could mean rising sea-levels and more dangerous weather like hurricanes.

How are Biofuels better?

Biofuels reduce CO2 pollution because they come from plants. When plants breathe, they breathe in CO2 and breathe out oxygen. During a plants lifetime, it inhales a lot of CO2. When we burn biofuels, like when we use them in our cars, we still release CO2 into the air but since the plant already turned so much CO2 into oxygen we effectively reduce the overall pollution to almost nothing.

What do we use to make Biofuels?

Biofuels today commonly come from plants like corn and sugarcane because we can grow them abundantly. We capture the energy from these plants through a process called fermentation. This is done by letting fungi - usually yeast - turn the sugars in the plant into ethanol. The resulting ethanol can then be put directly into our cars as a clean energy source.

Disadvantages

Although corn and sugarcane are excellent attempts for reducing CO2 pollution, they do have drawbacks.

Corn is not a very good source of ethanol. It takes about a gallon of gasoline just to produce a gallon of ethanol. Some experts argue that since we must use so much gasoline to make ethanol, we might as well continue to use gasoline. Corn is also a food crop. By using corn for fuel, we reduce the amount of food left to feed the world. This causes food prices to rise across the globe and can lead to world hunger. Sugarcane is much better at producing ethanol than corn, however it only grows in tropical climates that receive plenty of rain. Sugarcane grows well in Brazil, but not in the United States.

WAVE POWER

Wave Facts:

Waves are caused by a number of forces, i.e. wind, gravitational pull from the sun and moon, changes in atmospheric pressure, earthquakes etc. Waves created by wind are the most common waves. Unequal heating of the Earths surface generates wind, and wind blowing over water generates waves.
This energy transfer results in a concentration of the energy involved: the initial solar power level of about 1 kW/m2 is concentrated to an average wave power level of 70kW/m of crest length. This figure rises to an average of 170 kW/m of crest length during the winter, and to more than 1 MW/m during storms. Wave energy performance measures are characterized by diffuse energy, enormous forces during storms, and variation over wide range in wave size, length, period, and direction. Wave energy is an irregular and oscillating low-frequency energy source that must be converted to a 60-Hertz frequency before it can be added to the electric utility grid.

World Wave Power Resources

World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the "potential exploitable wave energy" resources worldwide to be 2 TW. For European waters the resource was estimated to be able to cover more than 50% of the total power consumption. The wave market is estimated at $32 billion in the United Kingdom and $800 billion worldwide. The United States has exhibited weak effort compared to overseas projects in Norway, Denmark, Japan and the United Kingdom. As of 1995, 685 kilowatts (kW) of grid-connected wave generating capacity was operating worldwide. This capacity comes from eight demonstration plants ranging in size from 350 kW to 20 kW. Until recently the commercial use of wave power has been limited to small systems of tens to hundreds of watts aboard generate power

Wave Power
Although many wave energy devices have been invented, only a small proportion have been tested and evaluated. Only a few of these have been tested at sea, in ocean waves, rather than in artificial wave tanks. Large scale offshore devices and small scale shoreline devices have been ocean tested.

The total power of waves breaking on the world's coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3 million megawatts. In favorable locations, wave energy density can average 65 megawatts per mile of coastline.

TIDAL ENERGY

Energy from the moon

Tides generated by the combination of the moon and suns gravitational forces Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun combine forces Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide In order to be practical for energy production, the height difference needs to be at least 5 meters Only 40 sites around the world of this magnitude Overall potential of 3000 gigawatts from movement of tides

disadvantages

Presently costly Expensive to build and maintain A 1085MW facility could cost as much as 1.2 billion dollars to construct and run Connection to the grid

Technology is not fully developed

Barrage style only produces energy for about 10 hours out of the day

Barrage style has environmental affects Such as fish and plant migration Silt deposits Local tides change- affects still under study

Advantages

No pollution Renewable resource More efficient than wind because of the density of water Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar Second generation has very few disadvantages Does not affect wildlife Does not affect silt deposits Less costly both in building and maintenance

Environmental Key elements

India Ocean Nuclear accident galvanizes environmental movement, massive fisheries collapse, crop failures, plankton loss CO2 impact, Chernobyl effect UN Eminent Scientists Group sets measures & standards Environmental viability for life support was no longer assured (60% gone or endangered today) Climate Change conviction Range from Eco-terrorism to political protests More expensive energy, food, water depressions, recessions Climate change slowed, but not reversed

Environmental Migration increases yearly

Thank you !!

QUESTIONS??