WHAT IS UTILITY?

TYPES OF UTILITIES LIGHTING

ADVANTAGES OF LIGHTING DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHTING

VENTILATION
METHODS OF VENTILATION Mechanical/Forced ventilation Natural ventilation Mixed Mode Ventilation VENTILATION EQUIPEMENTS ADVANTAGES OF VENTILATION DISADVANTAGES OF VENTILATION

What is utility?
Utility is anything which has some kind of usefulness. A utility can be a commodity or service. A utility satisfies human wants.

There are various kinds of utilities around us-electricity, water supply, public transport etc.

Types of utilities
Their are mainly four types of utilities used in the factory building process, and these are as follows: Lighting Ventilation Noise Sanitation

Lighting
Lighting is basically a method or equipment used to provide artificial illumination. It is estimated that 80% of the information required in doing a job is perceived visually. Good visibility of equipment, the product and the data in the work process is an essential factor in accelerating production, reducing the number of defective products, preventing visual fatigue.

Visibility depends on number of factors : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The size of the work piece. Its distance from the eyes. The persistence of the image. the lighting intensity The color of the work place and contrasts of color and lighting levels with the background.

Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is often used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings.

Advantages of lighting:
Good lighting enhances the mood and desirability of the spaces. Building owners and managers have the potential to add value, reduce costs and enhance performance through the application of good lighting. Office worker satisfaction and productivity can be positively affected by well-designed illumination.

Disadvantages of lighting:
High initial price
Temperature dependence

Ventilation
Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.

Methods for ventilating

Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into : 1.Mechanical/Forced ventilation 2.Natural ventilation 3.Mixed Mode Ventilation

"Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates much energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. If ducting for the fans traverse unheated space (e.g., an attic), the ducting should be insulated as well to prevent condensation on the ducting. Direct drive fans are available for many applications, and can reduce maintenance needs.

Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building

with outside air without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It can be achieved with open able windows or trickle vents when the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits. In more complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building naturally through openings in the lower areas. These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort. In warm or humid months, in many climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation may not be possible so conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups. Airside economizers perform the same function as natural ventilation, but use mechanical systems' fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

Mixed Mode Ventilation or Hybrid ventilation: utilises both mechanical and natural ventilation processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used in conjunction with each other or separately at different times of day. The natural component, sometimes subject to unpredictable external weather conditions may not always be adequate to ventilate the desired space. The mechanical component is then used to increase the overall ventilation rate so that the desired internal conditions are met. Alternatively the mechanical component may be used as a control measure to regulate the natural ventilation process, for example, to restrict the air change rate during periods of high wind speeds.

Ventilation equipment
Fume hood Biological safety cabinet

Dilution ventilation
Room air distribution Heat recovery ventilation

Advantages of Ventilation :
Regulation of Air - With the use of a ventilation

system, you have more control over the airflow . Without such a system, airflow would depend on the difference in pressure inside and outside Air Quality - Indoor air can be more polluted than outside air. A ventilation system can improve the quality of indoor air by getting rid of pollutants. It also takes care of moisture that can lead to mold issues. A ventilation system also helps by filtering and conditioning the air from outside that entering. Health Benefits - Indoor air pollution and stale air can create health problems that include allergies, headaches, rashes and respiratory ailments, such as asthma and sinusitis. A good ventilation system protects against indoor pollutants, reducing the likelihood of these occurrences.

Disadvantages of Ventilation :
Lack of control: Probably the most serious drawback of a natural system is the lack of precise control of air flow, which only fan ventilation can insure. Natural ventilation depends somewhat on the difference between inside and outside temperature but mostly on the wind, which can change in both speed and direction every few minutes. This means a building runs the risk of under ventilation on calm, hot days and over ventilation on cold days. Building location: Because natural ventilation depends largely on prevailing wind currents, a location where wind would be deflected or blocked is unacceptable for a natural system, although it might be ideal from the standpoint of feed and animal handling.

Difficult-to-correct problems: Good natural ventilation in a livestock building is the result of the `right' design, `right' location and `right' construction. Therefore, a naturallyventilated building which does not function properly is often difficult and expensive to correct. Sometimes the only solution is to revert to mechanical ventilation.