ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSERVATION IN R. S. P.

Rourkela

ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS CUMMULATIVE OF POWER CONSUMED

following criteria:

Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non - commercial

energy Renewable and Non - Renewable energy

those that are either found or stored in nature.

Common primary energy sources are : * Coal, * Oil, * Natural gas, * Biomass (such as Wood).

SECONDARY ENERGY

Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; Examples- steam ,Heat and electricity etc (coal, oil or gas converted into secondary energy)

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial energy.

Examples: Electricity, Lignite, Coal, Oil, Natural gas etc.

available in the commercial market for a price are classified as non - commercial energy.
Examples: * Firewood, Agro waste in rural areas; * Solar energy for Water heating, Electricity generation, For drying grain, Fish and Fruits; * Animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; * Wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation.

sources that are essentially inexhaustible.

Examples : * Solar energy * Wind energy * Bio energy * Hydro energy * Geothermal energy * Wave and tidal energy -- The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.

Non - renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels :

Such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

Global Primary Energy Reserves

Coal-The USA had the largest share of the global reserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China (11.6%). India is 4th in the list with 8.6%. Oil-Saudi Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with almost 23%. Gas-Russian Federation had the largest share of the reserve with almost 27%.

The all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations - 1,12,581 MW as on 31st May 2004 & it will be

215,804 MW as on 2012.
As on 31st May 2004 Consisting of 28,860 MW- hydro, 77,931 MW thermal 2,720 MW- nuclear and 1,869 MW- wind

-(Ministry of
Power)

Consumption in India
The major commercial energy consuming sectors in the country are classified below :

* Industry - 49% * Transport - 22% * Residential- 10% * Agriculture - 5% * Others 14%

GENERATED ENERGY (KWh) Saving benfits:

*Electricity Bill Reduction *Reduced KW and KVA Demand *Lower Transformer/cable loading *Extended life *Lower maintenance Cost and time *Less Heating *Higher level of Comfort

Energy saving potential in some identified industries is

Iron & Steel 10% Sugar - 20% Fertilizer 15% Petrochemical - 15% Textile - 25% Glass & Ceramics - 20% Cement 15% Refineries 10% Paper - 25% Pump sets 30% Aluminum 10% Lighting 76%

Electrical System
*Losses of around 1015% are associated with the transmission and distribution of electricity in the electrical grid. *The power plants typically produce 50 cycle/second (Hertz), alternating-current (AC) electricity with voltages between 6.6 kV and 33 kV.

like; 220 kV & 400 kV. Where transmission is over 1000 kM, high voltage direct current transmission is also favoured to minimize the losses. *Sub-transmission network at 132 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV or 33 kV constitutes the next link towards the end user.

*Distribution at 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 3.3 kV constitutes the last link to the consumer.

Generation Efficiency 1 -> Step-up Station 2 > EHV Transmission & Station 3 >HV Transmission & Station 4 -> Subtransmission 5 > Distribution Station 6 -> Primary Distribution 7 -> End user Premises. Cascade efficiency from Generation to end user = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 = 87 %

Rescheduling of Loads
Rescheduling of large electric loads and equipment operations, in different shifts can be planned and implemented to minimize the simultaneous maximum demand.

Location of Transformer
Location of the transformer is very important as far as distribution loss is concerned. It is to be placed near load centre.

various options available include: Relocating transformers and sub-stations near to load centers. Re-routing and re-conductoring such feeders and lines where the losses / voltage drops are higher. Power factor improvement by incorporating capacitors at load end. Optimum loading of transformers in the system.

 Opting for lower resistance All Aluminum Alloy Conductors (AAAC) in place of conventional Aluminum Cored Steel Reinforced (ACSR) lines Minimizing losses due to weak links in distribution network such as jumpers, loose contacts, old brittle conductors.

ELECTRIC MOTORS
For selecting high efficiency motors, the following can be done:

a) When purchasing large number of small motors or a large motor, ask for a detailed test certificate. b) See that efficiency values are specified without any tolerance. c) Check the actual input current and kW, if replacement is done. d) For new motors, keep a record of no load input power and current. e) Use values of efficiency for comparison and for confirming.

Energy-efficient motors (EEM) are the ones in which, design improvements are incorporated specifically to increase operating efficiency over motors of standard design. Design improvements focus on reducing intrinsic motor losses. Improvements include the use of lower-loss silicon steel, a longer core (to increase active material), thicker wires (to reduce resistance), thinner laminations, smaller air gap between stator and rotor, copper instead of aluminium bars in the rotor, superior bearings and a smaller fan, etc.

Monitoring, Maintenance & Replacement of motor to be taken care of for efficient operation of Motors.

Efficient Operation of Compressed Air Systems

*The location of air compressors and the quality of air drawn by the compressors will have a significant influence on the amount of energy consumed. *Every 4C rise in inlet air temperature results in a higher energy consumption by 1 % to achieve equivalent output. *Dust Free Air Intake *Dry Air Intake *Pressure Settings - Compressor operates between pressure ranges called as loading (cut-in) and unloading (cut-out) pressures. (6 7 kg/cm2)

*Reducing Delivery Pressure: - A reduction in the delivery pressure by 1 bar in a compressor would reduce the power consumption by 6 10 %. *Elevation - The altitude of a place has a direct impact on the volumetric efficiency of the compressor. It is evident that compressors located at higher altitudes consume more power to achieve a particular delivery pressure than those at sea level, as the compression ratio is higher.

LIGHTING SYSTEM

Some Good Practices in

Lighting
*Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of "Conventional" fluorescent lamps. * Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps. * Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium vapour lamps. * Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps.

Electricity Billing
The tariff structure generally includes the following components: *Maximum demand Charges *Energy Charges *Power factor penalty or bonus rates, as levied by most utilities *Electricity duty charges levied w.r.t units consumed. *Meter rentals *Penalty for exceeding contract demand *Time Of Day (TOD) rates like peak and non-peak hours (of some utilities)

The following benefits were achieved from thyristorisation of a rolling stand:

* Power saving of 20-25% * Increase in productivity by 5%. * In case of MG set one has to maintain three rotating machines. This causes reduced efficiency of the total system.

PLANT
Around 480 KWhr of electrical energy is consumed for producing one ton of finished steel product. Average electrical load of a 4 MT

SCOPE FOR ENERGY SAVING

1.BY SWITCH ING OFF AC, FAN &
LIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE 2.BY SWITCH ING OFF 1/3 RD STREET LIGHTS IN NIGHT 3.BY SWITCHING OFF THE TRANSFORMERS WHICH ARE KEPT AS STANDBY TO SAVE NO-LOAD LOSS. 4.BY USING REDUCING VOLTAGE TRASNFORMER