Lettering

Need to communicate more technical information that is not pictorial in nature but is required in manufacturing/fabrication process e.g. dimension, structures, written instructions, notes and several other elements That enable designer, engineer or architect to provide complete description of an object Written information on a drawing is conveyed through lettering

Lettering Techniques

Freehand Lettering Typed Lettering Computer-based Lettering

Lettering Techniques

Freehand Lettering

Should be clear, understandable and readable enough for anyone viewing the drawing
Use single stroke lettering Width of straight and curved line is constant and equal to the stroke of the pen/pencil used All capital with some exceptions (large blocks especially) Either vertical or inclined between -45o to +45o Text should appear uniform

Letters be evenly apart Space between two words be => height of any letter in the word Space between two words should not exceed twice the height of the letter Space between sentences should be greater than the space between words

Lettering Techniques

Typed & Computer-Based Lettering

Speedy More variety in available styles More options for placement of text in drawings

Attributes of Computer-Based Lettering

Font:

(Size, Style) Size = Height of Letter Measured in points (1 = 72 pts, 12 pts=1/6) Size selection is dependent on scale of the drawing and the text e.g. Title > Notes and Call outs

Lettering Techniques

Aspect Ratio

Relation of the text height with its width Default aspect ratio is 1 meaning that width of text is 60% of its height Can be changed according to drafters choice and company standards An aspect ratio of 0.5 would mean that width of text is 30% of the text height

Slant

Slant is the angle that the letters make with the vertical axis The angle lies between +45o and -45o Default slant is set to 0

Angle

Angle of TEXT with horizontal base line Angle can be modified to set text horizontally, vertically or upside down Default angle of text is also set to 0

Applications of Lettering

Title Block Part Name Dimension Information Bill of Materials Notes

Dimensioning

Def: The technique of specifying size, shape and location information on a

drawing using lines, symbols, figures and notes.

An object is first broken down into its constituent shapes (cuboids, pyramids, cylinders, cones) and then each shape is dimensioned.

Importance: Under-dimensioning and over-dimensioning both cause risk

of incompatibility and fitting problem in the designed product

Types of Dimension

Size Dimension Location Dimension

Types of Dimensions

Size Dimension

Height, width, length, radius etc. Examples: Dimensions of cone, pyramid, sphere, cylinder etc.
e.g. Location of slots/holes and their relative position with respect to other parts

Location Dimensions

Tolerancing

Allowable limits of deviations from the exact value Control variation of different parts Must be mentioned on the drawing through general notes or when writing dimensions

Techniques of Tolerancing

Plus and Minus Tolerancing

+ve or ve variation limits are specified

Bilateral Tolerancing

Allowable limits lye on both the sides of standard value Variation is allowed in both directions

Unilateral Tolerancing

Allowable Limit is to one side of the standard value Variation is allowed in only one direction

Conventions

+ve tolerance is written above dimension line -ve tolerance is written below dimension line Standard value is written in-line

Techniques of Tolerancing

Cumulative Tolerancing

If the dimension (size or location) of an object/feature is affected by more than one tolerance In this case the separate tolerances area added up to show the cumulative tolerance of the particular object/feature

Example of holes in surface of sheet at specific distances

Techniques of Tolerancing

Geometric Tolerances

Allowable deviation limits from the true geometry of an object e.g. angularity, parallelism, position etc.

Projection

A method/protocol by which an image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a planar surface A 2D drawing of any entity Entity can be a point (dimensionless), line (1D), plane (2D) or solid (3D) Going from Spaceland to Flatland for simplicity of representation of 3D objects An image/view of a 3D object in a 2D plane is projection Demonstration Example: Projection of a Globe

Projection

Orthographic Projection

Drawing an object from different directions (views) such that the viewing directions are at right angle (orthogonal) to each other. Usually a front, side and plan view are drawn and are enough for a person looking at the drawing to see all the important details. Consider an object placed inside a transparent box Look at right angle (90o) to the six planes of the box one by one and draw all the six views of the object on the six sides of the box

Projecting these essential views of the objects in to a single plane is Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projections

Principal Planes

st 1

Angle Orthographic Projection

st 1

Angle Projection onto a Plane

rd 3

Angle Orthographic Projection

rd 3

Angle Projection on to a Plane

Orthographic Projections of Entities

OP of Point OP of Line OP of Plane OP of Solids