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MITOSIS
Somatic cells 2N (2 chromatids) /4C>2N/2C
MEIOSIS
Germ cells 2N (4 chromatids-tetrad)/4C> after 2 divisions =N/C
Meiosis In Females
Meiosis-Prenatal (3mts) 7 to 9 mts: diplotenedictyotene Nuclear memb/nucleolusresting stage 99% oocytes degeneratepuberty onset First half cycle-Pit.LH Stimulates-meiosis-1st polar body; If fertilized (fallopian tube) 2nd polar Nucl mem M & P-Pronucleus fuse----first cleavage
IN FEMALES
In females, meiosis occurs in precursor cells known as oogonia. Each oogonia that initiates meiosis will divide twice to form a single oocyte and three polar bodies. However, before these divisions occur, these cells stop at the diplotene stage of meiosis I and lay dormant within a protective shell of somatic cells called the follicle. Follicles begin growth at a steady pace in a process known as folliculogenesis, and a small number enter the menstrual cycle. Menstruated oocytes continue meiosis I and arrest at meiosis II until fertilization. The process of meiosis in females occurs during oogenesis, and differs from the typical meiosis in that it features a long period of meiotic arrest known as the Dictyate stage and lacks the assistance of centrosomes.
Diakinesis Dictoytene
3month
Of the 7 million potential oocytes that form during the 5th month of pregnancy. 2 million at birth, vast majority will be eliminated prior to being ovulated and these are resorbed by the body. Typical female # of meitic products: 45 yrs x 12 cycles/yr = 540 eggs.
Meiosis male
After pubertyonly. Human males produce 200,000,000 sperm per day. In males, meiosis occurs in precursor cells known as spermatogonia that divide twice to become sperm. These cells continuously divide without arrest in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles. Sperm is produced at a steady pace. The process of meiosis in males occurs during spermatogenesis. Reabsorbed and cycled.
The tracing (b) identifies these components, and the smooth or wavy lines suggest, respectively, an intact or degenerating spindle apparatus (the ages of the women are indicated). The chromosomes are well organized at the metaphase plate at the equator of the cells in the younger women (the 22-year-olds oocyte, on the upper left, is viewed on a tilt). In contrast, the 44-year-old womans oocyte has one chromosme, at the top, dislocated from the metaphase plate, and the disposition of the other chromosmes at the equator is not as regular as in the younger women. (the color photographs are from Battaglia, D.E., et al. Influence of maternal age on mitotic spindle assembly in oocytes from naturally cycling women. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 11, 2217-2222)
Figure illustrating what may be the physical basis of the maternal age effect. The microtubules of the spindle stain green, and the chromosomes stain orange.
Mostly seen as sex chromosomal aberrations, but also occurs in autosomal chromosomes.
1. Post-zygotic-mitotic nondisjunction. 2. Anaphase lag: one chromosome is lost during anaphase movement. Severity based on when it occurred.
MEIOSIS-2 Divisions
Div 1 Div 1
Div 2
Meiosis I: Division 1
Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells (N chromosomes, 23 in humans), so meiosis I is referred to as a reductional division In meiosis II, an equational division similar to mitosis will occur whereby the sister chromatids are finally split, creating a total of 4 haploid cells (23 chromatids, N) per daughter cell from the first division.
Pachytene stage, also known as pachynema, from Greek words meaning "thick threads contains the following chromosomal crossover. Nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes randomly exchange segments of genetic information over regions of homology. Sex chromosomes in PAR1 and 2 exchange. Exchange takes place at sites where recombination nodules (the chiasmata) have formed. The exchange of information between the non-sister chromatids results in a recombination of information; each chromosome has the complete set of information it had before, and there are no gaps formed as a result of the process Diplotene (ARRESTED HERE IN FEMALE FETUS) During the diplotene stage, also known as diplonema, from Greek words meaning "two threads", chromosomes separate from one another a little. However, the homologous chromosomes of each bivalent remain tightly bound at chiasmata, the regions where crossingover occurred. The chiasmata remain on the chromosomes until they are severed in Anaphase I. In human fetal oogenesis all developing oocytes develop to this stage and stop before birth. This suspended state is referred to as the dictyotene stage and remains so until puberty. In males, only spermatogonia ( meiosis has NOT started) exist until meiosis begins at puberty. Diakinesis Chromosomes condense further during the diakinesisstage, from Greek words meaning "moving through".] This is the first point in meiosis where the four parts of the tetrads are actually visible. Sites of crossing over entangle together, effectively overlapping, making chiasmata clearly visible. Other than this observation, the rest of the stage closely resembles prometaphase of mitosis; the nucleoli disappear, the nuclear membrane disintegrates into vesicles, and the meiotic spindle begins to form. Meiosis division II same as Mitosis Division.