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Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data showing the frequency (or number) of items in each of several non-overlapping classes.
The objective is to provide insights about the data that cannot be quickly obtained by looking only at the original data.
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Above Average Above Average Below Average Poor Above Average Average
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Frequency Distribution
Rating Frequency 2 Poor 3 Below Average 5 Average 9 Above Average 1 Excellent Total 20
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A relative frequency distribution is a tabular summary of a set of data showing the relative frequency for each class.
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Relative Frequency Rating .10 Poor .15 Below Average .25 Average .45 Above Average .05 Excellent Total 1.00 1/20 = .05
2009 Thomson South-Western. All Rights Reserved Slide 7
Bar Graph
A bar graph is a graphical device for depicting qualitative data.
On one axis (usually the horizontal axis), we specify the labels that are used for each of the classes.
A frequency or relative frequency scale can be used for the other axis (usually the vertical axis).
Using a bar of fixed width drawn above each class label, we extend the height appropriately. The bars are separated to emphasize the fact that each class is a separate category.
2009 Thomson South-Western. All Rights Reserved Slide 8
Bar Graph
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8 Frequency 7 6 5 4
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Poor
Rating
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Frequency Distribution
Use between 5 and 20 classes. Data sets with a larger number of elements usually require a larger number of classes. Smaller data sets usually require fewer classes. Use enough classes to show the variation in the data. Do not use so many classes that some contain only a few data items.
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Frequency Distribution
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Frequency Distribution
For Hudson Auto Repair, if we choose six classes: Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5 10
Parts Cost ($) Frequency 50-59 2 60-69 13 70-79 16 80-89 7 90-99 7 100-109 5 Total 50
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Parts Relative Cost ($) Frequency 50-59 .04 60-69 .26 2/50 70-79 .32 80-89 .14 90-99 .14 100-109 .10 Total 1.00
2009 Thomson South-Western. All Rights Reserved Slide 16
Insights Gained from the Percent Frequency Distribution Only 4% of the parts costs are in the $50-59 class.
30% of the parts costs are under $70. The greatest percentage (32% or almost one-third) of the parts costs are in the $70-79 class. 10% of the parts costs are $100 or more.
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Histogram
A common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a histogram.
The variable of interest is placed on the horizontal axis. A rectangle is drawn above each class interval with its height corresponding to the intervals frequency or relative frequency.
Unlike a bar graph, a histogram has no natural separation between rectangles of adjacent classes.
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Histogram
Tune-up Parts Cost
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Frequency
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Histogram
Symmetric Left tail is the mirror image of the right tail Examples: heights and weights of people
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Relative Frequency
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Histogram
Relative Frequency
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Histogram
Right Skewed A longer tail to the right Example: housing values, income, wealth
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Relative Frequency
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