What is Multiple Access?

Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple, independent users.

Types of Media
Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Air interface (radio signals) Transmission

Advantages of Multiple Access

Increased capacity: serve more users Reduced capital requirements since fewer media can carry the traffic Decreased per-user expense Easier to manage and administer

Medium

Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, private circuit through the transmission medium, unaware that the other users exist.

Multiple Access Technologies

Channel:
An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway through a transmission medium for one users information

FDMA
Power

The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into individual channels according to different criteria depending on the technology used: The three most popular technologies to establish channels:

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplex Access)

each user on a different frequency a channel is a frequency

TDMA
Power

TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access)

each user on a different window period in time (time slot) a channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency

CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access)

each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns a channel is a unique set of code patterns

CDMA
Power

Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA)

Transmission over Radio Frequency (800MHz 1900MHz) Frequency Division Multiple Access
An analog system. Each user is given one channel (i.e., one frequency). Bad utilisation.

Power

Frequency

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

GSM(Global System for Mobile Comm.) uses TDMA

Frequency

Power

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel

Power

What is CDMA?
Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), a proprietary standard designed by Qualcomm in the United States, has been the dominant network standard for North America and parts of Asia Multiple users can use a wide slice of the bandwidth A unique code accesses the users information Codes are made orthogonal as much as possible to reduce cross correlation

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division

CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum

Slow Information Sent TX

Traditional technologies try to squeeze Narrowband the signal into the minimum required Signal Slow bandwidth Information
RX Recovered Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum

systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spreading signal CDMA uses a larger bandwidth but then uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent Slow Information Recovered

TX

RX

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Spectrum :

Processing Gain

NOTE:
Processing gain:
The ratio Tb / Tc is called spreading factor or processing gain and determines to a certain extent the upper limit of the total number of users supported simultaneously by a base station. If a signal is deliberately transmitted using more RF bandwidth than required, it is easier to detect at the receiver. This waste is formally defined as ProcessGain.

Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

30 KHz 1.25 MHz

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal

The CDMA multiuser detection

A user is identified through a signature signal (code) {s}.

Base Station

To send a 1, the user, or the base station, transmits the signature S, whereas to send a 0 they transmit - S.

Several users communicate at the same time with the base station (uplink)

The base station communicates with all users at the same time (downlink)

 CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided to transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal. CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time. It is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

Spectrum Spreading
Three types of codes are generated & identified by CDMA: Spreading Codes are noise like pseudo random codes. Channel Codes used for maximum separation from each other. Cell Identification Codes are balanced not to corelate to other codes of it.

CDMA System Components

MTX BSM BSC

BTS

Mobile Telephone Exchange (MTX) provides call processing functions for AMPS/TDMA/CDMA cellular systems Base Station Manager (BSM) provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
for operations, administration and maintenance of the BSC, BTS and itself Base Station Controller (BSC) provides data routing, voice coding and some hand-off functions Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) provides the RF link to the subscriber

Why CDMA?
CDMA is extremely robust and provides excellent audio quality

CDMA is the technology of choice for both 800 MHz Cellular and 1900 MHz PCS service providers CDMA satisfies Users Performance Requirements CDMA provides high capacity (many times the capacity of AMPS) CDMA provides privacy through its coding scheme

Rake Receiver
Mobile station receives multiple attenuated and delayed replicas of the original signal (multipath diversity channels). CDMA devices use a rake receiver, which exploits multipath delay components to improve the performance of the system. A rake receiver combines the information from several correlators, each one tuned to a different path delay, producing a stronger version of the signal than a simple receiver with a single correlator tuned to the path delay of the strongest signal. 3 parallel demodulators (RAKE fingers) isolate the multipath components and the RAKE receiver combines them.

Thank You !!