01CDMA Theory

Welcome to ZTE Technical Training Center
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
Class Rules
Class Hours: 8:40 AM - 11:50 AM 14:10-17:20 PM Little Breaks: Several short breaks throughout class Set mobile on silence or vibrator mode No smoking in classroom
BSS Course Agenda

Course A: CDMA Basic Theory
Course B: ZXC10-BSS Hardware Introduction and Operation Course C:1x Packet Data Service Course D: Network design and optimization
Course A:CDMA Basic Theory

I. II. III. IV. CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA Overview Basic Principle Channel Structure and Modulation Key Technology
I.
CDMA Overview
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to master:
-- the history of mobile communication
-- the advantage of CDMA -- CDMA migration from 2G to 3G -- CDMA spectrum usage -- the role of ZTE in CDMA
Characteristics of Mobile Communication Mobility

flexible and convenientglobal personal communication Poor environment and conditions Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and time)shadow effect and delay, power change and other noise Multiple MS and channels Interference near and far effect Limit of frequency resources Reliability is important registration, handoff, switching

Evolution of Mobile Communications System

1G Analog cellular Voice AMPS TACS 80 2G Digital cellular Voice /data CDMA GSM 1992 1XRtt GPRS 1999 3G Digital cellular Vioce / high speed data CDMA2000 W_CDMA 20 01 2003
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
CDMA-Its History & Status
1993, the first CDMA standard IS-95 was issued; In 1995, CDMA technology was put into commercialization in Hongkong and America on large scale; In 1997, CDMA trial networks were constructed in Beijing, Xian, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China; In April, 2001, China Unicom began to construct CDMA networksthe largest in the world; At present, CDMA commercial networks are established in about 40 countries or area, almost 20% of all users in the world.
Advantages of CDMA(1)
Frequency reuse factor is 1; network design and expanding become much easier
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS
1 3 1 Users 2 3 7 1 6 4 5 30 30 Vulnerability: C/I @ 17 dB 10 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=7
GSM 8 Users
Vulnerability: C/I @ 12-14 dB 1 4 200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 2 3
CDMA 20 Users
1250 kHz
Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6--7 dB
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

Large capacity: 8--10 times than AMPS 46 times than GSM
FDMA---Different user use different frequency
FDMA
Power
TACSAMPS
TDMA---Different user use different time slot of one frequency GSMDAMPS CDMA---Different user use same frequency at the same time,but with different spreading code
TDMA
Power
CDMA
Power
large coverage almost 2 times than GSM, save money for operator
Example:cover 1000 km2 GSM need 200 BTS CDMA only need 50 BTS Attention: exact result need Link Budget
High privacy,hard to wiretapping
Spread signal Information signal

TX RX
Each user is below the noise deeply
Demodulated signal
Spread code
Spread code
Use soft handoff, decrease drop-call rate
CDMAmake before break---soft handoff Other systems: make after break---hard handoff
Good voice quality, use 8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice codingthe best coding method in the world.
Voice quality (MOS)
64k PCM
13k GSM
8k 13k CDMA CDMA
8kEVRC CDMA
Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the MS Power low, healthy for human bodygreen mobile phone.
Mean Power GSM: CDMA:

Max Power 2W 200mW
125mW 2mW
Smooth migration to 3G and the operators benefit is protected at the most
95A 95B 95B 1X 1X 1XEV Software update Add 1X channel Add 1XEV Technical channel board Replace MS to board Scheme get new service Software update Software update Replace MS to ge Replace MS to get new service new service
Economic Scheme
Almost free
inexpensive
inexpesive
Definition of Some Terms1

Channel Duplex channel made of two 1.2288MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum: one for Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK) Carrier or Frequency In 800 MHz Cellular these two duplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart In 450MHz,they are 10MHz apart
CDMA CHANNEL
CDMA Reverse Channel
1.25 MHz
CDMA Forward Channel

1.25 MHz
45 or 80 or 10 MHz
Definition of Some Terms2

CDMA Frequency Calculation 450MHz BS receiver(Uplink): 450.00+0.025(N-1) BS sender(downlink): 460.00+0.025(N-1) 800MHz BS receiver(Uplink): 825.00+0.03N BS sender(downlink):870.00+0.03N 1900MHz BS receiver(Uplink): 1850.00+0.05N BS sender(downlink):1930.00+0.05N
CDMA 800 MHz Cellular Spectrum Usage

Channel Numbers 1 1023 1 1023 991 824 MHz 334 333 667 666 717 716 799 991 other uses 334 333 667 666 717 716 799
A
1
A
10
B
10
A
1.5
B
2.5
A
1
A
10
B
10
A
1.5
B
2.5
894 MHz
Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits) Possible CDMA Center Freq. Assignments
849 MHz
869 MHz
Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)
~300 kHz. guard bands possibly required if adjacentfrequency signals are non-CDMA (AMPS, TDMA, ESMR, etc.)
All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide

Can serve ~20 users /8 kb vocoder
CDMA Frequency Channel Assignment at 800 MHz Cellular

1 1023 991 334 333 667 666 716 715 799
A
Channel Numbers
A Band
B Band
1019
37
78
119
160
201
242
283
384
425
466
507
548
589
630
691
736
777
*
CDMA A-Band Carriers CDMA B-Band Carriers
**
Requires frequency coordination with non-cellular interferers band carrier
** Requires frequency coordination with AA Band Primary Channel A Band Secondary Channel 283 691 B Band Primary Channel B Band Secondary Channel 384 777
IS-95 Recommends to Start CDMA deployment with Either the Primary or the Secondary Channel
CDMA PCS 1900 MHz Spectrum Usage

Guard Bands Channel Numbers 300 299 400 0 MTA B T A Licensed Unlicensed 0 1199 700 699 MTA B T A 800 B T A 900 BTA 300 299 400
Paired Bands
Licensed 1199 700 699 800 900
Data
Voice
MTA
B T A
MTA
B T A
B T A
BTA
A
15 1850 MHz
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15 1910 MHz 10 10 1930 MHz
A
15
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15 1990 MHz
Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)
Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)
CDMA 1900 MHz Cellular Spectrum Assignment

N=
925
950
975
925
950
975
1895M Uplink1895-1900
1900M
1975M Downlink1975-1980
1980M
Definition of some Terms3

CDMA Code Channel
All CDMA users transmit and receive on the same channel,but they are separated based on their digital code.Because CDMA allocates individual users different digital codes rather than divide the spectrum based on frequency or time.
Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels
ZTEs Activities in CDMA
In 1995, CDMA mobile telecommunication project was started In November, 1999, ZTE signed the Agreement on CDMA R&D with Qualcomm In August, 2000, the first field trial was set up. In September, 2000 ZTE presented the first CDMA handset with UIM in the world. In January, 2001, the first cdma2000-1x call was passed through in lab In March, 2001, ZTE cdma2000-1x realized the integrated transmission of voice, data & image.The data rate reach up to 153.6Kbps. The certificates acquired: CDMA 800M ZXC10-MSC/VLR, HLR/AUC,BSC, BTS network access licenses CDMA 800M/1.9G ZXC10-BTS type approval certificates
ZTE A Famous Brand in CDMA

PSTN/PLMN
MSC/VLR HLR/AUC
Um IS95
Abis E1 BTSIS-95
BSCIS-95
SC
Abis BTSIS-95
WIN
Um IS2000
2G/3G
IP Abis
BSC/ PCF (1X) E1 STM-1
HA OMC
E1 Ethernet
Internet
BTS1X
Abis
E1 STM-1 BSC/ PCF (1X)
Ethernet
PDSN/FA
IP
BTS1X
AAA
II. CDMA BASIC PRINCIPLE
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:
Describe the differences between CDMA, TDMA, FDMA What is spread spectrum modulation Identify we use DSSS in CDMA Know Walsh codes Know short PN and long PN Know the purpose of Vo-coding
Contents
2.1
2.2 2.3 2.4
The principle of Spread spectrum

Walsh Code and its application PN Code and its application The Communication Model of CDMA
Multiple Access
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple, independent users.
Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have tried to squeeze the maximum amount of traffic over each circuit.
Transmission
Types of Media -- Examples: Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Air interface (radio signals) Advantages of Multiple Access Increased capacity: serve more users Reduced capital requirements since fewer media can carry the traffic Decreased per-user expense Easier to manage and administer
Medium
Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, private circuit through the transmission medium, unaware that the other users exist.
Channels
Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway through a transmission medium for one users information. The transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into individual channels according to the technology used.
FDMA
Power
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access Each user on a different frequency A channel is a frequency TDMA Time Division Multiple Access Each user on a different window period in time (time slot) A channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency CDMA Code Division Multiple Access A channel is a unique code pattern Each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns
TDMA
Power
CDMA
Power
Defining Our Terms

CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA Frequency Duplex channel made of two 1.25 MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK) In 800 Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart CDMA CHANNEL CDMA Forward Channel CDMA CDMA
1.25 MHz Forward Link CDMA Reverse Channel 1.25 MHz Reverse Link
Reverse Channel
1.25 MHz
Forward Channel
1.25 MHz
45 or 80 MHz
CDMA Code Channel Each individual stream of 0s and 1s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in the CDMA Reverse Channel Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels
CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum
Slow Information Sent Narrowband Signal Slow Information Recovered
Traditional technologies try to squeeze the signal into the minimum required bandwidth
Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data
TX
RX
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent
TX RX
Slow Information Recovered
Fast Spreading Sequence
Fast Spreading Sequence
Spread Spectrum Payoff:
Processing Gain
What is Spread Spectrum

ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream
Input Data Recovered Data
DESTINATION
Spreading Sequence
Spreading Sequence
Definition:Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth. Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence,transmits spread data stream Receiver intercepts the stream,uses same spreading sequence to extract original data
Spread Process
Digital Signal
-1 1
Spreading
Spreading Signal
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
Spreading Code
De-spread Process
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
Despreading
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1
Integra tor
-4
Adjudge
-1
Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula
C=B*log2(1+S/N)
Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal N is average power for noise It is the landmark paper of information theory, a mathematical theory of spectrum communication.
Spread Spectrum
Digital Waveform and Spectrum

g(t)
E T0=50 2E/5 Bf0 0 0/2
A(f)
T0
0 f0
Pulse width is 0, pulse period is T0 =50

g(t)
E 2T0=100 E/5
The bandwidth depends on the pulse width. So we use the narrower pulse sequence for modulating the carrier to achieve wider bandwidth .
A(f)
Bf0
0 0/2 2T0
1/0
f t
0
f0/2
The pulse spectrum lines density depends on the pulse sequence period.
Pulse width is 0, pulse period is 2T0

g(t)
E
A(f)
T0=100 1=0/2
E/5
Bf1
1/1
f
0 1/2
T0
If the pulse period increase or the pulse width decrease, the amplitude of the spectrum will decrease.
0 f1
Pulse width is 0/2, pulse period is T0
How DSSS Spectrum Change

Direct Sequence CDMA
Time
User 1
Frequency
+ =
Code 1
Composite
Spectrum Variation of Spread & De-spread

Sf Signal Signal
f0 Sf
f0
Signal Spectrum Before SS

Sf Sf
Signal Spectrum after SS
Noise Signal
f0
Signal Noise f
f0
Signal Spectrum Before Decoding
f Signal Spectrum After Decoding
Signal
Pulse Noise
Other Noise
Illustration to SS Principle(1)
Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
9.6 KHz 1.25 MHz
Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal
Using the right mathematical Sequences, any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal
Eb/No
PG
UNWANTED POWER FROM OTHER SOURCES
Spectrum Usage and Capacity:

Each wireless technology (AMPS, NAMPS, D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA) uses a specific modulation type with its own unique signal characteristics The total traffic capacity of a wireless system is determined largely by radio signal characteristics and RF design RF signal vulnerability to Interference dictates how much interference can be tolerated, and therefore how far apart same-frequency cells must be spaced For a specific S/N level, the Signal Bandwidth determines how many RF signals will fit in the operators licensed spectrum 17 dB = @ 50 14 dB = 101.4 @ 25 12 dB = 101.2 @ 16 101.7
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

1 3 1 Users 2 3 7 1 6 4 5
30
30
Vulnerability: C/I @ 17 dB 10 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=7
GSM 8 Users
Vulnerability: C/I @ 12-14 dB
1 4 200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 2 3
CDMA 20 Users
1250 kHz
Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6--7 dB
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1
Relationship Between Eb/N0 and S/N

Eb
= Signal Power
Bit Rate
E/t
B/t
N0
Noise Power
Bandwidth
Signal to Noise S Eb N0
R
= N W =
S R
W N
S N
W R Processing Gain
8 Kb vocoder (Full Rate) 13 Kb vocoder (Full Rate)

W 1,250,000 2.11 = = 130 = 10 = 21.1 dB R 9,600 W 1,250,000 1.94 = = 87 = 10 = 19.4 dB R 14,400
Anything We Can Do, We Can Undo

ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream (Base Band + Spreading Sequence) Input Data (Base Band) Recovered Data (Base Band)
DESTINATION
Spreading Sequence
Spreading Sequence
Any data bit stream can be combined with a spreading sequence The resulting signal can be de-spread and the data stream recovered if the original spreading sequence is available and properly synchronized After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact
CDMA Spreading Principle Using Multiple Codes

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B
DESTINATION
X+A
Input Data
Recovered Data
X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence
Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and then reapplied in opposite order to recover the original data stream. The spreading sequences can have different desired properties. All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper synchronization at the recovering destination.
Shipping and Receiving via CDMA Shipping Receiving

FedEx
Data
FedEx
Mailer
Mailer
Data
Whether in shipping and receiving or in CDMA, packaging is extremely important! Cargo is placed inside nested containers for protection and to allow addressing. The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the reverse order. CDMA containers are spreading codes.
Advantages of Spread Spectrum

Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multipath effects SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed and filtered resist intercept and capture: difficult to detect
Achieve Privacy: Difficult to demodulate

Implement Multiple Access Improve Frequency Reuse
Enlarge Capacity
Discriminating Among Forward Code Channels Pilot

Sync FW Traffic (for user #1) Paging FW Traffic (for user #3) FW Traffic (for user #2)
A Mobile Station receives a Forward Channel from a sector in a Base Station. The Forward Channel carries a composite signal of up to 64 forward code channels. Some code channels are traffic channels and others are overhead channels. A set of 64 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the 64 possible forward code channels. The codes in this set are called Walsh Codes
Discriminating Among Base Station

Up to 64 Code Channels Up to 64 Code Channels
A mobile Station is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting on the same CDMA Frequency. Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a Forward Traffic Channel containing up to 64 forward code channels. A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of different Base Stations. Two binary digit sequences called the I and Q Short PN Sequences (or Short PN Codes) are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors of different base stations. These Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA system. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular sector.
Discriminating Among Reverse Code Channels

RV Traffic from M.S. #1837732008 RV Traffic from M.S. #1997061104
System Access Attempt by M.S. #2000071301 (on access channel #1)
RV Traffic from M.S. #1994011508
The CDMA system must be able to identify each Mobile Station that may attempt to communicate with a Base Station. A very large number of Mobile Stations will be in the market. One binary digit sequence called the Long PN Sequence (or Long PN Code) is defined for the purpose of uniquely identifying each possible reverse code channel. This sequence is extremely long and can be used in trillions of different ways. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular user (and is then called a User Long Code) or a particular user Reverse Traffic channel.
CDMA Spread Code Selection

Type of Sequence How
Many
Length
Special Properties
Forward Link Function
Reverse Link Function
Walsh Codes
64
64 chips 1/19,200 sec.
Mutually Orthogonal
User identity within cells signal
Orthogonal Modulation (information carrier)
Short PN Sequences
32,768 chips 26-2/3 ms 75x in 2 sec.
Orthogonal with itself at any time shift value except 0
Distinguish Cells & Sectors
Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset)
Long PN Sequences
242 chips ~41 days
nearorthogonal if shifted
Data Scrambling to avoid strings of 1s or 0s
Distinguish users
Contents
2.1 The principle of Spread spectrum
2.2 Walsh Code and its application 2.3 PN Code and its application 2.4 The Communication Model of CDMA
Definition of Walsh Function The application of Walsh Function
Definition of Walsh code

Walsh function is formed by recursion relationship of Hadamard matrix. Hadamard matrix is an orthogonal square matrix.It is just composed of +1(0) and 1(1).
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
Hn Hn
H 2n
___
Hn Hn
Walsh Codes
64 Sequences, each 64 chips long A chip is a binary digit (0 or 1) Each Walsh Code is Orthogonal to all other Walsh Codes This means that it is possible to recognize and therefore extract a particular Walsh code from a mixture of other Walsh codes which are filtered out in the process Two same-length binary strings are orthogonal if the result of XORing them has the same number of 0s as 1s
EXAMPLE: Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23 #59 XOR 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 WALSH CODES
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!!

Correlation and Orthogonality

Correlation is a measure of the similarity between two binary strings
Code #23 Code #59 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 (Code #23) 1001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001
#23 #23
#59
#23
#23
(#23)
PARALLEL
XOR: all 0s Correlation: 100%
(100% match)
ORTHOGONAL
XOR: half 0s, half 1s Correlation: 0%
(50% match, 50% no-match)
ANTI-PARALLEL
XOR: all 1s Correlation: 100%
(100% no-match)
Properties of the Walsh Codes

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
When a Walsh code is XORed chip by chip with itself, the result is all 0s (100% correlation) When a Walsh code is XORed chip by chip with its logical negation, the result is all 1s (100% correlation) When a Walsh code is XORed chip by chip with any other code or its logical negation, the result is half 0s and half 1s (0% correlation)
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Walsh Code Table

0123 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 4567 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 11 8901 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 2345 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 6789 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 2222 0123 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 2222 4567 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 2233 8901 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 3333 2345 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 3333 6789 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 4444 0123 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 4444 4567 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 4455 8901 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 5555 2345 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 5555 6789 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 6666 0123 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110 1111 1010 1100 1001 1111 1010 1100 1001 0000 0101 0011 0110
the Application of Walsh code

64-rank Walsh code Forward Link: spread spectrum and indicate forward channel Backward Link: Orthogonal modulation
Contents
PN (pseudo noise )sequence m sequence phase mask orthogonalself-correlationcross-correlation
PN Sequence
Similar with noise sequence property
Seemingly like random sequence,but it is regular and periodic binary code sequence
m Sequence Definition
m sequence is an important binary pseudo noise sequence
m sequence is the short term of Maximal-Length linear feedback shift register sequence
Definition:If the output sequence period of r-stage linear feedback shift register is P=2r 1Then this sequence is m sequence m sequence generator consists of three parts:shift register, modulo-2 Adder, feedback path
Four-Stage Linear Feedback Shift Register

Modulo-2 Adder
X1
X2
X3
Clock Pulse
X4
Output
Output X=X1
X2
X3
X4=10001001101011110
We suppose the initial state of the register X1X2X3X4=0001

Orthogonal
Orthogonal Definition
From the standpoint of mathematics,two lines plumb each other From the standpoint of analogical,compare with two random line or row,if the number of the same digits and different digits are equal,we call it orthogonal. In CDMA system,in order to protect less interference between signals,signals between each other should be orthogonal Sequence 1: 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Orthogonal
Sequence 2: 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Self-correlation & Cross-correlation

Self-correlation refers to the degree of correspondence or comparability between a sequence and a phase-shifted replica of itself In CDMA system,should select the good Autocorrelation code to insure demodulation and distinguish at the receiver side
Cross-Correlation refers to the correlation or comparability between two different signals In CDMA system,different user should select less Cross-correlation signal as a code
Two conceptions
Mask:
Different mask can make the different phase for m sequence. In CDMA system,the mask of different user is calculated by the ESN in the mobile phone
Phase:
Different phase of difference sequence identify different base station and user
The basic property of m sequence

Pseudo noise sequence Period P=2r-1r is the stage of shift register
When the period is very long, m sequence is almost

orthogonal The self correlation of m sequence is very well but the cross correlation is weak.That means if two m sequence with different phase,it is almost orthogonal
Short PN Sequences
The two Short PN Sequences, I and Q, are 32,768 chips long
Together, they can be considered a two-dimensional binary vector with distinct I and Q component sequences, each 32,768 chips long Each Short PN Sequence (and, as a matter of fact, any sequence) correlates with itself perfectly if compared at a timing offset of 0 chips Each Short PN Sequence is special: Orthogonal to a copy of itself that has been offset by any number of chips (other than 0)
32,768 chips long 26 2/3 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)
I Q Unique Properties:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I Q I Q 100% Correlation: All bits = 0
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

I Q I Q Orthogonal: 16,384 1s + 16,384 0s
Short PN: 4-bits register example

p1 p2 p3 p4 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
p4 p4
p5 = p1 + p4
p2
p3
The PN sequences are deterministic and periodic. The length of the generated string is 2n-1, where n is the number of elements in the register The number of zeroes in the sequence is equal to the number of ones minus 1
p4
p5
p2
p3
The Long PN Sequence

Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)
AND
1100011000 P E RMU T E D ESN
Public Long Code Mask

(STATIC)
S UM
User Long Code Sequence

(@1.2288 MCPS)
Modulo-2 Addition
Each mobile station uses a unique User Long Code Sequence generated by applying a mask, based on its 32-bit ESN, to the 42-bit Long Code Generator which was synchronized with the CDMA system during the mobile station initialization. Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, this sequence requires 41 days, 10 hours, 12 minutes and 19.4 seconds to complete. Portions of the User Long Codes generated by different mobile stations for the duration of a call are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable decoding on the reverse link.
Long PN:4-bits shift register example

Original PN sequence
XOR
mask
AND
AND
AND
AND
XOR)
New PN sequence
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Attention:different mask lead to different offset!

PN code application in CDMA

PN code used in CDMA system Long code242 1 (r = 42) Short code215 (r = 15) Different purpose ---Forward channel long code : scramble short code :orthogonal modulation and identify base station ---Reverse channel long code :spread spectrum and identify user short code :orthogonal modulation
Contents
CDMA Communication Model

Information Stream
Speech Coding Channel Coding Scramble
Spread Modulation Spectrum
RF transmit
Speech Channel decoding decoding
DeDe-spread Descramble Spectrum Modulation
RF receive
Information Stream
Coding Technology
In Digital communication coding technology,include two types:
Speech coding is critical to digital transmission.CDMA system use an efficient method of speech coding and extensive error recovery techniques to overcome the harsh nature of the radio channel. The objective of speech coding is not only to maintain speech quality but also to reduce the quantity of transmitting data. Channel coding usually falls into two classes:Block interleaver codes and Convolutional codes. The objective of channel coding is adding additional supervising bits in the information stream to ensure get correct signal at receive side.
Speech Coding
A-to-D C O N V E R T E R 64 Kbps MTX 64 Kbps V O C O D E R
Codebook Instruction 8Kbps
Speech coding algorithms (digital compression) are necessary to increase cellular system capacity. Coding must also ensure reasonable fidelity, that is, a maximum level of quality as perceived by the user. Coding can be performed in a variety of ways (for example, waveform, time or frequency domain). Vocoders transmit parameters which control reproduction of voice instead of the explicit, point-by-point waveform description.
Variable Rate Vocoding

CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder Full rate during speech Low rates in speech pauses Increased capacity More natural sound Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames
DSP QCELP VOCODER
20ms Sample Pitch Filter Codebook Coded Result Feedback Formant Filter
Variable Rate Vocoding

bits 192 Rate Set 1 Frame Sizes Full Rate Frame bits 288 Rate Set 2 Frame Sizes Full Rate Frame 96 1/2 Rate Frame 48 1/4 Rt. 144 1/2 Rate Frame 72 1/4 Rt.
24 1/8
36 1/8
The output is 20 ms frames at fixed rates: Full Rate, 1/2 Rate , 1/4 Rate , 1/8 Rate, & Blank CRC is added to all the frames for the 13 kb vocoder, but only to the Full and 1/2 rate frames for the 8 kb vocoder. CRC is not added to the lower rate frames in the 8 kb vocoder, but that is ok because they consist mostly of background noise and have a higher processing gain. Current vocoder rates are 8kbps, 13kbps, and 8kbps EVRC (Enhanced Variable Rate Coder)
Variable Rate Voice Bit and PCM
Where is Vocoder?
Analog voice Variable Rate
PCM
BTS
BSC
MSC
Interleaving Method
Convolutional Coding & Interleaving

Example:
Bits to be Txed: Convolutionally Encoded: Interleaved:
Hello Encode Convolutiona Interleaver l
HELLO HHEELLLLOO
FOLKS FFOOLLKKSS
ELSOLHLOFK
LEOLSHOLKF
Bits Rxed:
EL SOL HLOFK
LEOLSHOLKF
DeInterleaver
De-Interleaved:
HHEELLL OO
FFO LLKK- S
Decoder
Viterbi Decoded:
HELLO
FOLKS
Channel Coding -Convolutional Encoder

c0
D D D
From this figure: Constraint length(K) = 4 Code length(N) =3 Code rate=1/3
g0
g1
c1 c2
Constraint length(K) = Shift Register Number + 1 Code length(N) = input information bit + supervising bit Code rate(R) = input information bit/code length
Channel Coding -Block Interleaver Encoder

Block Interleaver principle:input according to row and output according to columns For example: An Origination stream 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0,arrange in 4 by 4 matrix
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
x x x x
0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0
Interference sequence: 1 0 0 1 x x x x 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Output from receiver matrix1 x 0 1 0 x 1 1 0 x 0 0 1 x 1 0

Convolutional Encoder & Interleaver Encoder

Convolutional Encoder: increase the reliability but reduce the transmitting efficiency,because each code stream adds supervising bit for rectified Block Interleaver Encoder: not change the efficiency but have some delays,because the transmitter and receiver must process to writing first and then reading
Scramble
The paging channel also includes many import information such as users IMSI,In order to keep the users information secret ,we use the data scrambling.
Spread Spectrum
Spread code rate: 1.2288Mcps Spread code Forward Link:Walsh code Reverse Link: Long PN code
Modulation-QPSK&OQPSK
I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps I 19.2 ksps from Power Control Mux Baseband Filter
G A I N cos(2pfct)
1.2288 Mcps Walsh Function
Baseband Filter
sin(2pfct)
Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps
The forward traffic channel is combined with two different PN sequences: I and Q Baseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained within the 1.25 MHz frequency range The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range
III. CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE AND MODULATION
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to master:
-- The forward channel in IS-95 Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic -- The reverse channel in IS-95 Access; Traffic -- CDMA Call Processing -- New Channels in CDMA20001X
Contents
3.1 IS-95 CDMA Channels 3.1.1 Forward CDMA Channels
3.1.2 Reverse CDMA Channels

3.2 IS-2000 CDMA Channels
IS-95 CDMA Channels
Pilot Channel
Function:
obtains a phase offset by short PN sequences,in order to identify different base station. obtains basis timing information assisted handoff:mobile station use pilot strength(signal strength comparisons between base stations) to identify handoff candidates and to perform soft handoffs
Characteristic:
Uncoded natured of pilot signal,that means the pilot is a structural beaconwhich does not contain a character steam. transmitted constantly by the base station use Walsh code 0.
Pilot Channel Generation

Walsh Function 0
I PN
1.2288 Mcps
Pilot Channel (All 0s)
Q PN
The Walsh code zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinct Pilots per CDMA channel The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN sequence is multiplied by 64 to determine the actual offset Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed 960 chips x 0.8138 microseconds per chip = 781.25 microsecond
Sync Channel
Once a strong pilot channel is located,the mobile station listens to the corresponding sync channel for system information. This information transmitted at a rate of 1200bps,is contained in the sync
channel message.
The duration of the sync channel frames matches the period of repetition of the short PN codes transmitted on the pilot channel. Therefore,once the mobile station acquires synchronization with the pilot channel,the synchronization with the sync channel is immediately known. This action facilitates the acquisition of the sync channel by the mobile station
Sync Channel(Cont.)
Function: Carries a data stream of essential system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition stage
PILOT_PN(9bits) SYS_TIME(36bits) LC_STATE(42bits) PRAT(2bits)
(Acquired Pilot) Sync Channel
Characteristic: Bit rate is 1200 bps Sync channel has a frame duration of 26.666ms,matches the the period of Short PN Sequences
Sync Channel Message

PILOT_PN(Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index)
Set to the pilot PN offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the network planner
LC_STATE ( Long Code State )

Provides the mobile station with the base station long code state at the time given by the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically
SYS_TIME (System Time )

GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after the end of the last super-frame containing any part of this message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated dynamically
PRAT (Paging Channel Data Rate )

The data rate of the paging channel for this system, determined by the network planner,00 if 9600 bps;01 if 4800 bps
Sync Channel Generation

Bits
Modulation Symbols
Chips
Walsh Function 32
I PN
R = 1/2 K=9 Convolutional Encoder and Repetition
1200 bps
4800 sps
Block Interleaver
16*8
4800 sps
1.2288 Mcps
Q PN
Paging Channels
Paging Channel
Used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages.
There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA carrier The Paging Channel uses Walsh code 1 up to 7,unused paging channels can be used as forward traffic channel Transmits information at a fixed data rate of either 9600 or 4800 bps,as specified by the PRAT parameter sent in the sync channel message
Paging Channels(Cont.)
The paging channel originates at the base station.A paging channel notifies mobile stations that they are receiving an incoming call. Once the mobile station accepts the page,a traffic channel is assigned by the base station for the mobile station to use. The base station sends the following messages to all of the paging channels:
System parameters message

Access parameters message CDMA channel list message
Paging Channel Overhead Message

System parameters message
Contains the most important CDMA configuration parameters
Access parameters message

Defines parameters used by the mobile stations when transmitting to the base station on the access channel
CDMA channel list message

Defines all the CDMA(frequency)channels supported by this base station
Paging Channel Overhead Messages

ACC_MSG_SEQ
Access Parameters Message Overhead Messages

CONFIG_MSG_SEQ
System Parameters Message Paging Messages
Configuration Parameter Messages
CDMA Channel List Message

Extended System Parameters Message Extended Neighbor List Message Global Service Redirection Message
Mobile-StationDirected Messages
Paging Channel Generation

Walsh function R = 1/2 K=9 9600 bps 4800 bps Convolutional Encoder & Repetition Block Interleaving 19.2 Ksps Scrambling I PN
1.2288 Mcps
Paging Channel Address Mask
1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Generator
Decimator
19.2 Ksps
Q PN
Walsh code #1 is used to spread the data. This results in an increase to 1.2288 Mcps The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate. If the 4800 bps rate is used, the repetition process doubles the rate again, so that, at either rate, 384 modulation symbols per Paging Channel frame result 384 modulation symbols per frame times 50 frames per second = 19.2Ksps
Paging Channel Mask

Paging Channel is scrambled by the long code,offset by a mask constructed as follows:
41 29 28 24 23 21 20 9 8 0
1100011001101 00000
PCN
000000000000
PILOT_PN
PCN: Paging channel number PILOT_PN: Pilot short PN code offset index
Data Scrambling
19.2 Ksps Modulation Symbols Block Interleaver
19.2 Ksps
User Address Mask (ESN)
Long Code PN Generator
1.2288 Mcps
19.2 Ksps
Decimator
Divide by 64
Data scrambling function: Because the paging channel includes many important information such as users IMSI,in order to assure the uses information secret,we use the data scrambling.
Data scrambling is accomplished by modulo-2 addition(XOR),one input is a modulation symbol(19.2ksps) coming out of the block interleaver,another input is a random sequence,which created by decimator on long code generation.That means,Use the 64 times decimator to pickup the first chip of each 64 chips to form a random sequence.So the random sequence rate is 19.2kcps.(1.2288/64)
Forward Traffic Channels

CDMA Cell Site
Pilot Forward Traffic Channel
Forward Traffic Channel
Sync
Forward Traffic Channel Paging Forward Traffic Channel
Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific mobile station during a call. Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one Sync channel, and 1 Paging channel. This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic channels. Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels.
Forward Traffic Channel Generation

bits symbols CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps (Vocoder) R = 1/2, K=9 19.2 ksps Convolutional Encoding and Repetition Power Control Bit
chips
I PN Walsh function
Scrambling
Block Interleaving
M U X
1.2288 Mcps 19.2 Ksps
User Address Mask (ESN-based)
1.2288 Long PN Code Mcps Decimator Generation
19.2 ksps Decimator 800 Hz
Q PN
Forward traffic channel frame structure
Forward Traffic Channel Mask

A forward traffic channel is scrambled with the long code,offset by a mask constructed as follows:
Permuted ESN=E0,E31,E22,.E27,E18,E9
Power Control Sub-channel

Power Control Bit (800 bps) Data Scrambling
19.2 Ksps from Block Interleaver

19.2 Ksps
M U X
Scrambled Modulation Symbol or Power Control Bit

19.2 Ksps
1.2288 Mcps User Long Code
Decimator
Divide by 64
800 Hz Mux Timing
Decimator
Divide by 24
Base station receiver estimates received signal strength of mobile over a 1.25 ms period (800/s) A power control subchannel is transmitted continuously to MS A power up/down command is sent 800 times a second Uncoded to ensure rapid detection and response by the MS
Power Control Sub-channel

The power control subchannel is included by forward traffic channel,by use a power control bit to indicate power up/down of MS transmit power.
Each traffic channel frame(20ms) consist of 16 power control group(each group length 1.25ms),so the rate of power control is 16*(1s/20ms)=800bps 1.Every 1.25ms(800 times per second)the BS estimates the received signal strength on the reverse traffic channel of a particular mobile station 2.Based on this estimation,the base station determines whether that mobile station should increase or decrease its transmission power 3.A power up(0) or power down(1) one-bit command is sent by the base station to that mobile station 800 times a second on the corresponding forward traffic channel.This constitutes the Power control subchannel for that mobile station.
Orthogonal Spreading
Power Control Bit (800 bps) Scrambled Data 800 Hz Mux Timing
M U 19.2 Ksps X
1.2288 Mcps
To Quadrature Spreading
Wt
Walsh Function from Index
Each symbol output from the Mux is exclusive XORed by the assigned Walsh function Walsh function has fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps Channels are distinguished from each other by Walsh function Bandwidth used greatly exceeds source rate
Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps I 19.2 ksps from Power Control Mux Baseband Filter
G A I N cos(2pfct)
1.2288 Mcps Walsh Function
Baseband Filter
sin(2pfct)
Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps
The forward traffic channel is combined with two different PN sequences: I and Q Baseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained within the 1.25 MHz frequency range The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range
QPSK Modulation
Quadri-Phase Shift Key (QPSK) Modulation
BASEBAND: The total frequency band occupied by the aggregate of all the information signals used to modulate a carrier FILTER:Electronic circuit devised to modify the frequency distribution of a signal spectrum BASEBAND FILTER:filter(used in quadrature modulation)that limits the input signal to the SyQuest band +-T/2,where T is the transmitted pulse rate. GAIN CONTROL: the gain of the overhead channels(pilot,sync,and paging)in the composite I and Q is set.The gain of each forward traffic channel is constantly adjusted by the reverse link power control process.
Composite I and Q
Each channel card has a combiner and works in a serial array to combine the I and Q signals for all forward channels in a partition sector or cell. The baseband I and Q signals for all channel cards are sent to the CORE module to be multiplexed together based on the PN offset. This ensures that a mobile station does not mistakenly decode the signal from a channel with the same Walsh code from the wrong base station.
Walsh Code Pilot Channel
I PN Code Q PN Code
Walsh Code Sync Channel
Walsh Code Paging Channel(s)
Walsh Code
Forward Traffic Channel(s)
Composite I Composite Q
Forward Channel Demodulation

Mobile Receiver
Combiner
Correlator1
Correlator2 Correlator3 Search Correlator
De-Interleaver
Viterbi Decoder
Vocoder
Speech Output
IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a minimum of four processing elements that can be independently directed: Three elements must be capable of demodulating multipath components One must be a searcher that scans and estimates signal strength at each pilot PN sequence offset
Contents

Access Channels
4800 bps
Used by the mobile station to: Initiate communication with the base station not yet in a Call (such
as transmit registration requests, call setup requests/origination message )
Respond to Paging Channel messages Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps Although a sector can have up to seven paging channels, and each paging channel can have up to 32 access channels, nearly all systems today use only one paging channel per sector and only one access channel per paging channel.
Access Channel Generation

I PN (No Offset)
Access Channel Information (88 bits/Frame) R = 1/3 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition 28.8 ksps 28.8 ksps Orthogonal Modulation 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps 1/2 PN Chip Delay D Block Interleaver 32*18
4.8 kpbs
Access Channel Long Code Mask
Long PN Code Generator
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading Q PN (No Offset)
Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision Two message types: A response message (in response to a base station message) A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)
64-ary Orthogonal Modulation

44 35
Walsh Lookup Table

Wa lsh Chip w it hin a Wal sh Funct ion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 1 1 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 11 01 01 11 01 11 11 01 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 00 10 10 00 10 00 00 10 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 00 10 10 00 01 11 11 01 11 01 01 11 10 00 00 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
101100 100011
Symbols
64 Chip Pattern of Walsh Code # 35 10001...11010
W a l s h F u n c t i o n I n d e x
Out of the block interleaver,the data rate is 28800bps,for every six symbols input,one Walsh code is output Six code symbols are converted to a decimal number from 0~63 This number is used as an index into a Walsh lookup talbe The 64 Walsh chips corresponding to that index are output after orthogonal modulation,the symbol rate is 28800/6 64 307.2kbps.
Access Channel Long Code Mask

An Access Channel is scrambled by the long code, offset by a mask constructed as follows:
41
33 32
28 27 25 24
98
110001111
ACN PCN
BASE_ID
PILOT_PN
Where: ACN is the Access Channel Number, PCN is the Number of the associated Paging Channel BASE_ID is the base station identification number, and PILOT_PN is the Pilot short PN code offset index
Reverse Traffic Channels

Reverse Traffic Channel
Used when a call is in progress to send: Voice traffic from the subscriber Response to commands/queries from the base station Requests to the base station Supports variable data rate operation for: A mobile station using the 8kb vocoder transmits information on the reverse traffic channel at variable data rates Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps 13 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
Reverse Traffic Channel Generation

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps R=1/3,K=9 28.8 Convolutional ksps Encoder & Repetition Block Interleaver 28.8 307.2 ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst Randomizer Modulation 1.2288 Mcps 1/2 PN Chip Delay D Long PN Code Generator
I PN (no offset)
User Address Mask
1.2288Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading
Q PN (no offset)
Uses Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder Uses 32*18 block interleaving array 64-ary Orthogonal Modulation Data burst randomizing
Data Burst Randomizing

Reapted symbols are deleted Output stream of interleaver is gated with a time filter,During gate-offperiods,transmit power is reduced Gate cycle varies with the transmit data rate
Randomizing transmitted data provides the effect of dispersing in time the power received at the cell site from the mobile stations Easier de-spreading can occur when fewer interfering signals are present
Direct Sequence Spreading

307.2 kcps
Data Burst Randomizer
1.2288 Mcps
To Quadrature Spreading
User Address Mask
Long Code PN Generator
1.2288 Mcps
Output of the randomizer is direct sequence spread by the long code Each mobile station spreads its reverse traffic channel using the same long PN code but with a different offset,which is determined by a unique 42-bit mask. The mobile station can use one of two unique long code masks:
A public long code mask based on the ESN

A private long code mask
Reverse Traffic Channel Long Code Mask

A Reverse Traffic Channel can be spread using the public long code maskwhich is constructed as follows:
41
32 31
110001111
Permuted ESN-S
The other option is to use a private long code mask based on the current contents of the 128-bit Shared Secret Data register.
OQPSK & Baseband Filtering

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps I From Data Burst Randomizer Baseband Filter I
cos(2 pf ct)
RF Converters
1.2288 Mcps PN chip 1.2288 Mcps
Q D Baseband Filter 1/2 PN Chip Time Delay Q

sin(2 pf ct)
PN
The channel is spread by a pilot PN sequence with a zero offset Baseband filtering ensures that the waveform is contained within the required frequency limits Baseband signals converted to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range
OQPSK
The reverse traffic channel data after direct sequence spreading is spread in quadrature by adding modulo-2.This stream with the zero-offset I and Q PN short code sequences is used on the forward CDMA channel. Why a half chip delay in the Q Component? The data spread by the Q PN short code sequence is delayed
by half a PN chip time,406.901ns,with respect to the data

spread by the I PN short code sequence. This prevents the I and Q to change value simultaneously,thus eliminating
diagonal transitions
Reverse Channel Demodulation

BTS Receiver
Demodulator
Search Correlator
BSC
Combiner
Search Demodulator Correlator
De-Interleaver
Search Demodulator Correlator Search Correlator
Viterbi Decoder
Vocoder
Speech Output
Demodulator
Power Control Decision
U/D Command
PN+ t User Long Code
IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a process that is complementary to the mobile station modulation process
CDMA processing benefits from multipath components Signals from several receive elements can be combined to improve receive signal quality
Summary(1)
Code sequence Length
Application Access channel traffic channel Forward Paging channel traffic channel All Reverse channel All Forward channel All Reverse channel All Forward channel
Purpose
Code rate
Long PN
242 - 1 Reverse
Direct sequence ss
MS identification Data scramble Orthogonal spread frequency for modulation Base station identification
1.2288Mcps
19.2Kbps
Short PN
215
1.2288Mcps
Walsh code
64
orthogonal modulation Orthogonal spread frequency,forward channel identification
307.2Kbps 1.2288Mcps
Summary(2)
Conception:
Convolution encoding Code symbol repetition Block interleaving Data scrambling
Frame quality indicator(CRC)

Encoder tail
Data Burst randomizer

Mobile Station Call Processing States

During call processing,many messages flow between the mobile and the base station.The mobile station may be in any of the following states:
Mobile Station Initialization State:Pilot Channel acquisition,sync short PN code.Receive Sync channel Message,obtains LC_STATE, SYS_TIME PRAT system information,implement long PN code sync Mobile Station Idle State:MS monitors messages on the paging channel to receive configuration parameters from base station System Access State:MS sends message to the BS on the access channel
Mobile Station Control on the traffic channel State:MS communicates with the base station using the forward and reverse traffic channel
CDMA MS Call Processing

Power-Up
Initialization
Mobile station has fully acquired system timing Mobile station is in idle handoff with NGHBR_CONFG equal to 011 or is unable to receive Paging Channel Message Mobile station ends use of the Traffic Channel Mobile station receives an ACK to an Access Channel transmission other than an Origination Message or a Page Response Message
Idle
Mobile station receives a Paging Channel message requiring ACK or response, originates a call, or performs registration
System Access
Mobile station is directed to a Traffic Channel
Traffic
Contents

Cdma2000 1xRTT Channel
Spreading Rates & Radio Configurations

Spreading Rate Identify the PN code rate which used for the Forward Link or Reverse Link SR11x1.2288Mcps SR33x3.6864Mcps Radio Configure Identify a serial working mode of Forward link or reverse link,each RC can support a set of data rate, the different of each RC is diversified parameters used in channel,such as SR and modulation performance - Forward Link:RC1RC5 - Reverse Link:RC1RC4
IS-95B built on the IS-95A channels, and introduced two new channels Fundamental channel was the same as IS-9A traffic channel Supplemental code channels assigned to support rates above 14.4Kbps IS-2000 1xRTT continue to build on the IS-95 channels IS-95 channels continue to be supported in IS-2000 to support IS-95 mobiles
Forward IS-95A
Pilot channel Sync channel Paging channel Forward Traffic Channel Fundamental channel Supplemental Code channel (F-SCCH)
Channel List: 1xRTT vs. IS-95
Reverse
Access channel Reverse Traffic Channel Fundamental channel Supplemental Code channel (R-SCCH)
IS-95B
1xRTT
Supplemental channel (F-SCH) Quick Paging channel (F-QPCH)
Supplemental channel (R-SCH) Reverse Pilot channel (R-PICH)
Additional Channel in 1X Commercial System

Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH) Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH) Reverse Pilot Channel Reverse Supplement Channel(R-SCH)
Paging Channel Modes

Non-slotted Mode Operation The mobile station continuously monitors the Paging Channel Paging and control message can be received on any slot by MS Slotted Mode Operation MS only operates in the slotted mode when it is in the idle state A mobile station that monitors the paging channel only during certain assigned slots The mobile station can sleepor reduce power consumption(for the power conservation) during nonactive states(during the slots when the paging channel is not being monitored)
F-QPCH Functions
Base Station use F-QPCHs signaling to inform MS which is surrounding of its coverage and work in slotted mode and just in idle state. Mobile monitors QPCH to determine if there is a paging forthcoming on paging channel in its slot (looks at 1-bit paging indicator) If no flag, then mobile continues to sleep; if have flag, the mobile monitors appropriate slot and decodes general page message Without QPCH, mobile must monitor regular paging channel slot and decode several fields to determine whether page is for it or not; this drains mobile batteries quickly
F-QPCH Functions(Cont.)
As long as theres no configuration change information for the mobile to capture, the mobiles only going to be monitoring 2 bits vs. an entire slot. This equates to up to 40% decrease in the amount of battery power used to monitor an IS-95 paging channel with slotted paging implemented.
The main purpose of QPCH is to save mobile battery life.
Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)

Assigned for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) in the forward direction; (FCH is always assigned to each call) Up to 2 F-SCH can be assigned to a single mobile SCH cannot exist without having a fundamental channel established
SCH-1
File transfer at 144 kbps
Mobile 1
FCH
Voice, power control and link continuity
Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH)

Implement Quick Power Control on the Forward Link
(all '0's)
Pilot
Allows base station to do timing Power Control Bit corrections without having to guess where mobile is (in search window)
MUX
Mobile can transmit at lower power, reducing interference to others

The Reverse Pilot Channel is an unmodulated spread spectrum signal used to assist the base station in detecting a mobile station transmission.
Pilot
384 NPN Chips
Power Control
1 Power Control Group = 1536 NPN Chips
N is the Spreading Rate number
Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH)

Used for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) Difference between F-SCH and R-SCH is in Walsh code based spreading F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 to 128 (1xRTT) or 1024 (3xRTT) depending on data rate and chip rate
R-SCH uses either a 2-digit or 4-digit Walsh code; rate matching done by repetition of encoded and interleaved symbols
Walsh code allocation sequence is pre-determined and common to all mobiles
Users are differentiated using long PN code with user mask
Benefits of the CDMA2000 1x

Increased MS standby battery life (via Quick Paging Channel) Use Forward Quick Power Control(via Reverse Pilot channel) Total backward compatibility to reuse switch and call processing features 2-3 dB better coverage Provides High speed 153.6 kbps packet data capabilities
IV. CDMA KEY TECHNOLOGY
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to master: -- power control
Identify the function of the reverse closed loop power control Identify how to implement the Forward quick power control
-- soft handoff
Identify that the handoff type when the mobile station is in the idle state Identify the difference between soft and softer handoff Identify the IS-95 system soft handoff processing Identify the MS react to power control during soft handoff
Contents
4.1 4.2 Power Control In CDMA Soft Handoff In CDMA
Why Power Control

CDMA is an interference-limited system based on the number of users,
the interference comes mainly from nearby users

each user is a noise source on the shared channel,this creates a practical limit to how many users a system will sustain,so CDMA also called soft capacity limit The goal is to keep each MS at the absolute minimum power level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality Ideally the power received at the base station from each mobile
station should be the same(minimum signal to interference)

MS which transmit excessive power increase interference to other Mobile station
Power Control Types

Reverse Power Control
Open-loop Power Control Closed-loop Power Control (Forward traffic Channel) Outer-loop Power Control Inner-loop Power Control
Forward Power Control

IS-95 Power Control IS-2000 Fast Power Control (Reverse Pilot Channel) Outer-loop Power Control Inner-loop Power Control
Reverse Open-loop Power Control

Reverse Open Loop Power Control
Mobile
BTS
Reverse open loop power is mobile station controlling its transmit power Reverse open loop power control consists of : estimating how strong the mobile station should transmit based on a coarse measurement of how much power it is receiving from the base station some correcting parameters delivered in the access parameters message The Reverse open loop method of power control provides a quick response to changes in signal conditions.
Reverse Open-loop Power Control

Problems with Reverse Open Loop Power Control Assumes same exact path loss in both directions; therefore, cannot account for asymmetrical path loss Estimates are based on total power received; therefore the power received from other cell sites by mobile station introduces inaccuracies
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

Mobile
BTS
or
Signal Strength Measurement
Setpoint
Compensates for asymmetries between the forward and reverse paths Consists of power up (0) & power down (1) commands sent to the mobile stations, based upon their signal strength measured at the Base Station and compared to a specified threshold(setpoint) Each command requests a 1dB increase or decrease of the mobile station transmit power Transmitted 800 times per second, always at full power Allows to compensate for the effects of fast fading
Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

Mobile
BTS
or
BSC
Setpoint
Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
FER
Most gradual form of reverse link power control Setpoint is varied/dynamic according to the FER on the Reverse Traffic Channel (determined at the Base Station Controller) Sampled at a rate of 50 frames per second (20 ms / frame) Setpoint adjusted every 1-2 seconds
The goal of outer loop power control is adjusting the setpoint(Eb/No) based on the reverse traffic channel FER value If the received power from the mobile station,as measured at the base station,is below the specified S/N threshold(setpoint),the base station sends a 0power control bit directing the MS to raise its output power;if it is higher,it sends a 1 power control bit directing
the mobile station to lower its output power

The setpoint itself is raised or lowered by the reverse outer loop power control to guarantee the desired frame error rate(FER) level,typically 1% Output power control bit is transmitted on the power control subchannel in forward traffic channel
Closed-loop Power Control Procedure

Received the Frame Quality Information from the Reverse Link Outer-loop Algorithm Outer Loop Correction Closed-loop Control Demodulate and measure Eb/Nt Eb/No No Eb/Nt>Eb/No? Up Power Control Bit
Yes Down Power Control Bit Base Station Puncture to Power Control Subchannel
Mobile Power Control Command Measurement Power Control Command Measurement
Reverse Power Control in ZTE System

The open loop power control is implemented in mobile station The outer loop power control algorithm is implemented in SVE module of BSC, the output Eb/No is sent to Channel Card The closed loop power control algorithm is implemented in Channel Card, the output power control command is punctured in the forward Fundamental Channel (traffic channel).
Forward Power Control in IS-95

BSC
Mobile
BTS
Adjust Fwd. power
FER
Forward Link Power Control
The base station continually and slowly decreases power to each mobile station(each users forward traffic channel) As the FER (determined at the mobile station) increases, the mobile station requests a Forward Traffic Channel power increase
Forward Power Control in IS-95(Cont.)

The power control frequency is maximum 50Hz Power Control based on Messages for Radio Configuration 1 Power Control based on EIB for Radio Configuration 2
Forward Quick Power Control in IS-2000

In CDMA2000, there is a faster method used for Forward Power Control operating much like the IS-95 Reverse Link Power control described next In order to implement Forward Link Quick Power Control,we use Reverse Pilot channel which includes power control subchannel
Forward Quick Power Control

Received the Frame Quality Information from the Forward Link Outer-loop Algorithm Outer Loop Correction Closed-loop Control Demodulate and measure Eb/Nt Eb/No No Eb/Nt>Eb/No? Up Power Control Bit
Yes Down Power Control Bit Mobile Station Puncture to Power Control Subchannel
Base Station Power Control Command Measurement Power Control Command Measurement
Summary of Power Control

Reverse Open Loop Power Control
Mobile
BTS
or
BSC
Adjust Fwd. power Reverse Outer Loop Power Control
FER
Setpoint
FER
Forward Link Power Control
All types of power control work together to minimizes power consumption at the mobile stations, and increases the overall capacity of the system transmit power.
Contents
4.1 4.2 Power Control In CDMA Soft Handoff In CDMA
Handoff
Handoff is the process by which a mobile station maintains communications with the Mobile Telephone Switching center(MSC), when traveling from the coverage area of one base station to that of another Handoff keep the call established during the following conditions: Subscriber crosses the boundaries of a cell Subscriber experiences noise or other interference above a specified threshold A base station component experiences an out-of-service condition during a call
CDMA Handoffs
While in the Idle State Idle Handoff
Soft Handoff Softer Handoff During a Call Inter-System Soft Handoff CDMA-to-CDMA Handoff
CDMA-to-Analog Handoff
CDMA Idle Handoff

PN 108 Ec/Io
104 108
Idle handoff neither soft handoff nor hard handoff.

PN 104
CDMA Idle Handoff(Cont.)

>3dB Ec/Io PN 108
104 108
PN 104
CDMA Soft Handoff

CDMA
Cell Site B Cell Site B Cell Site A Cell Site A
Soft Handoff:The mobile station starts communications with a target base station without interrupting communications with the current serving base station Make-before-break Directed by the mobile not the base station,Undetectable by user Improves call quality Can involve up to three cells simultaneously and use all signals Mobile station combines the frames from each cell
CDMA Soft Handoff Mechanics
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset Handset continuously checks available pilots Handset tells system pilots it currently sees System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset Handset assigns its fingers accordingly Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis Users are totally unaware of handoff
CDMA Softer Handoff

alpha
beta
gamma
Softer Handoff is between sectors of the same cell,that means multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a handset Softer handoff occurs in BTS in a single channel element Communications are maintained across both sectors until the mobile station transition has completed MSC is aware but does not participate All activities are managed by the cell site Signals received at both sectors can be combined for improved quality
CDMA-to-CDMA Hard Handoff

PSTN PSTN MSC MSC
T1 or E1 Links TIA/EIA-41D
MSC
BSC
BSC
BSC
A (1)
B (2)
Between cells operating on different frequencies Between cells that could be on the same frequency, but which are subordinated to different MSC
Pilot Sets
Pilot sets:the handset considers pilots in sets Active: Pilots of sectors actually in use (max 6 pilots) Candidate:Pilots not currently in the Active Set, but received by the mobile with sufficient strength to indicate that the corresponding forward traffic Channels could be successfully demodulated (max 5 pilots) Neighbors: Pilots not currently on the Active or Candidate Sets, it told to mobile by system,as nearby sectors to check(at least 20 pilots) Remaining:All other possible pilots used by the current system on the current CDMA frequency,integer multiplies of PILOT_INC ,excluding the pilot in other sets All pilots in a set have the same frequency assignment These sets can be updated during handoff by the base station
Rules of Soft Handoff

The MS assists the BS in the handoff process
by measuring and reporting the strengths of received pilots using a Pilot Strength
Measurement Message
Handset sends PSMM to the system whenever: It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set exceeds T_ADD An active set pilot drops below T_DROP for T_TDROP time A candidate pilot exceeds an active by T_COMP
Pilot Strength Measurement Message

A B Timing C Pilot Channel
The Pilot Strength Measurement Message is used by the mobile station to direct the Base Station Controller(BSC) in the handoff process.This message uses in the Reverse Traffic Channel
A PSMM is sent to the system under one of the following conditions:
If MS finds a pilot in Neighbor or Remaining sets exceeds T_ADD

If an active set pilot drops below T_DROP after T_TDROP time If a Candidate pilot exceeds an active pilot by T_COMP
Extended Handoff Direction Message

The Extended Handoff Direction Message(EHODM) is used by the Base Station Controller(BSC) to tell the mobile station on which base stations the BSC has allocated traffic channels for that user An EHODM Message uses in the forward traffic channel When the mobile station receives the EHODM message from BSC,then it will updates its Active Set and sends a HCM to the BSC.
Pilot Search Windows

Search Window for pilots in the Active and Candidate Set: SRCH_WIN_A
Earliest arriving usable multipath component of the pilot
Search Window for pilots in the Neighbor Set: SRCH_WIN_N

pilot PN offset
Search Window for pilots in the Remaining Set:

SRCH_WIN_R pilot PN offset
A search window is a range of PN offsets (measured in chips) where the mobile station searches for usable multipath components of the pilots in a set Usable means that multipath components can be used for demodulation of an associated forward traffic channel by MS
System Parameters Message

Field
MSG_TYPE (00000001) PILOT_PN CONFIG_MSG_SEQ SID NID REG_ZONE TOTAL_ZONES ZONE_TIMER MULT_SIDS MULT_NIDS BASE_ID BASE_CLASS PAGE_CHAN MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX
Length (bits)
8 9 6 15 16 12 3 3 1 1 16 4 3 3 HOME_REG FOR_SID_REG FOR_NID_REG POWER_UP_REG POWER_DOWN_REG PARAMETER_REG REG_PRD BASE_LAT BASE_LONG REG_DIST SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R NGHBR_MAX_AGE 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 22 23 11 4 4 4 4 PWR_REP_THRESH PWR_REP_FRAMES PWR_THRESH_ENABLE PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE PWR_REP_DELAY RESCAN T_ADD T_DROP T_COMP T_TDROP EXT_SYS_PARAMETER EXT_NGHBR_LIST GLOBAL_REDIRECT RESERVED 5 4 1 1 5 1 6 6 4 4 1 1 1 1
IS-95 Soft Handoff Signaling

EHOD message received, Pilot Added to Active Set, EHOC message sent, NLU message received PSMM sent (request to add) , Pilot added to Candidate Set Pilot strength drops below T_DROP, Drop Timer started Pilot Strength exceeds T_ADD Drop Timer expires PSMM Sent (request to remove) EHOD message received, Pilot Dropped into Neighbor Set, EHOC message sent, NLU message received
T_TDROP
IS-95 Soft Handoff Signaling(Cont.)

1.The pilot strength exceeds T_ADD. 2.The mobile station sends a PSMM requesting the strong pilot added to the active set and transfers this pilot to the candidate set.The BSC directs the desired pilots base station to allocate a forward traffic channel. 3.The current base station sends an EHODM with the new pilot included in the official active set list.A Walsh code is designated for the forward traffic channel allocated on the new base station associated with the new pilot. The mobile station transfers the new pilot from the candidate set to the active set.Then,the mobile station starts demodulating traffic from the new base station and sends a handoff completion message(HCM) on the reverse traffic channel.
IS-95 Soft Handoff Signaling(Cont.)

4.The pilot strength drops below T_DROP,and the mobile station starts the handoff drop timer.
5.When the handoff drop timer expires,the mobile station sends a PSMM requesting the weak pilot removed from the active set.The base station sends an EHODM with the weak pilot removed from the official active set list.
6.The mobile station moves the pilot from the active set to the neighbor set(with the AGE counter set to zero),stops demodulating traffic associated with the weak pilot 7.Sends a handoff completion message on the new reverse traffic channel. The BTS sends a neighbor list update message with the composite neighbor list compiled by the BSC.
8.The mobile station updates its neighbor set.
Active vs. Candidate Set Comparison Threshold

PSMM are triggered not only when the strength of a pilot from the neighbor set exceeds the T_ADD threshold, but also when it exceeds the strength of a pilot already in the active set by T_COMP*0.5dB t0-PSMM sent,p0>T_ADD t1-PSMM sent,P0>p1+T_COMP*0.5dB t2-PSMM sent,P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
Soft Handoff Parameters

T_ADD T_DROP T_TDROP T_COMP SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R
SOFT_SLOPE ADD_INTERCEPT DROP_INTERCEPT
Soft Handoff Parameters(Cont.)

SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R Window size (PN chips) SRCH_WIN_A SRCH_WIN_N SRCH_WIN_R Window size (PN chips)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 6 8 10 14 20 28
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
60 80 100 130 160 226 320
7
40
15
452
Soft Handoff Parameters(Cont.)

T_TDROP Drop Timer Value(s) T_TDROP Drop Timer Value (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 4 6 9 13 19
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
27 39 55 79 112 159 225 319
Power Control during Soft Handoff

During soft handoff, the mobile station receives power control bits from multiple base stations. If two or more power control subchannels are identical, their power control bits are diversity combined into one per 1.25 ms time slot. If the mobile station receives different power control bits from different power control subchannels, it decreases its mean power output level by 1 dB. Only if the power control bits from ALL power control subchannels request a power increase, the mobile station increases its mean power output level by 1 dB .
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Welcome to ZTE Technical Training Center

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BSS Course Agenda

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Course A:CDMA Basic Theory

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Characteristics of Mobile Communication Mobility

Evolution of Mobile Communications System

CDMA-Its History & Status

Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6--7 dB

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

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Spread signal Information signal

Each user is below the noise deeply

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Voice quality (MOS)

8k 13k CDMA CDMA

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Mean Power GSM: CDMA:

Max Power 2W 200mW

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Definition of Some Terms1

CDMA Forward Channel

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Definition of Some Terms2

CDMA 800 MHz Cellular Spectrum Usage

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)

All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide

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CDMA Frequency Channel Assignment at 800 MHz Cellular

Requires frequency coordination with non-cellular interferers band carrier

CDMA PCS 1900 MHz Spectrum Usage

Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)

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CDMA 1900 MHz Cellular Spectrum Assignment

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Definition of some Terms3

ZTEs Activities in CDMA

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ZTE A Famous Brand in CDMA

II. CDMA BASIC PRINCIPLE

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The principle of Spread spectrum

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Defining Our Terms

CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:

What is Spread Spectrum

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Spread Spectrum Principles

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Digital Waveform and Spectrum

Pulse width is 0, pulse period is T0 =50