Ota000004 SDH Principle Issue 2.30

SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. SDH Overview 2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods 3. Overheads & Pointers
Page1
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

It defines a standard frame structure, a specific
multiplexing method, and so on.
Why did SDH emerge?

Need for a system to process increasing amounts of information.
New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of different suppliers.
Page2
Advantages of SDH
Interfaces
PDH electrical interfaces
SDH electrical interfaces
Only 3 regional standards: European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American
Universal standards
SDH optical interfaces
(1.544 Mb/s)
Can be connected to different vendors optical transmission equipments.
PDH optical interfaces
No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.
Page3
Disadvantages of PDH
Multiplexing methods: Level by level

140 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
Demultiplexers
Multiplexers
2 Mb/s
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission Headache for network planners
More equipment to achieve this functionality More equipment More floor space More power More costs
Page4
Advantages of SDH
Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64)
One Byte from STM-1 B
STM-1 A
A
STM-1 B
B
4:1
STM-4
C STM-1
D STM-1
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

What about PDH?
--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert capabilities
Page5
Advantages of SDH
OAM function
PDH
SDH
In the frame structure of PDH signals, there are few overhead bytes used
Abundant overheads
bytes for OAM
Remote & Centralized Management
for OAM.
Weak OAM function
Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point
Page6
Advantages of SDH
Compatibility
STM-N Transmit Receive STM-N
Processing
Container
SDH Network
Container
Processing
Pack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet
Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Service Signal Flow Model
Ethernet
Page7
Comparison between SDH and PDH
Low bandwidth utilization ratio
In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals. In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.
Complex mechanism of pointer justification
Influence of excessive use of software on system security
Page8
Contents
Page9
SDH Frame Structure

From ITU-T G.707:
1. One frame lasts for 125 microseconds (8000 frames/s) Rectangular block structure 9 rows and 270 columns (Basic frame: STM-1) Each unit is one byte (8 bits) Transmission mode: Byte by byte, row by row, from left to right, from top to bottom Frame = 125 us
2.
3. 4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
270 Columns
9 rows
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page10
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
Three parts:
SOH
AU-Pointer Information Payload
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RSOH AUPTR MSOH
Information
Payload
9 rows
9 270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure

Information Payload Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4) Used to transport low speed tributary signals Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH) Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
AU-PTR
9 rows
HPOH
1
Payload
package
low rate signal
MSOH
LPOH, TU-PTR
9 270 Columns
Data package
Page12
SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
Types of Section Overhead

RSOH
1.
AU-PTR MSOH
Information Payload
9 rows
9 270 Columns
RSOH monitors the regenerator section 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing section Location: 1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3, columns #1 ~ #9 2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9, columns #1 ~ #9
Page13
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR
Function: Indicates the first byte of VC4 Location: row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information Payload
9 rows
MSOH
J 1
9 270 Columns
Page14
SDH Multiplexing Features
SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N) PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N) Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP STM-N)
Some terms and definitions:
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
Go to glossary
Page15
SDH Multiplexing Structure

1
STM-64 STM-16 STM-4 1 1 AUG-64 1
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
4
AUG-16 4 AUG-4 4 STM-1
1 1
AU-4-16c AU-4-4c
VC-4-16c VC-4-4c
C-4-16c C-4-4c
1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal
AUG-1
Mapping Aligning Multiplexing
TUG-3 7
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
TUG-2
Go to glossary
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1 signal
Page16
From 140Mb/s to STM-N
C4 1
VC4 1 H P O H 1 261 Next
140M
Rate adaptation
Add HPOH
9 Mapping 1 260 125 s
9 125s
Page17

AUG-1
10
270
STM-1 RSOH
270
Add AU-PTR
AU-PTR
AU-4 X1
Add SOH
AU-PTR
Info Payload
9
Aligning Multiplexing AUG-N 1
MSOH
STM-N RSOH
270N
One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s Signal
Add
SOH 9
AU-PTR MSOH
Info Payload
Page18

C3 1 34M Rate Adaptation Add LPOH VC3 1
L P O H
9 1 85
Next
9 1 84 125s Mapping
125s
Page19

TU-3 1 H1 H2 H3 1st align 9 86 1 1 1 H1 H2 H3 3 R 9 9 TUG-3 86 1 H P R R O H 1 VC-4 3 261
Fill gap
Aligning
Multiplexing
Same procedure as 140M
Page20
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

TU12 4 1 1 4 1 Next page
C12 1 4 1
VC12 1 LPOH
2M
Rate Adaptation
Add LPOH
Add TU-PTR
9
125s Mapping
9
Aligning
9
TU-PTR
Page21
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

TUG-2 1 TUG-3
12
1
86 1
X3
X7
R R
9 Same procedure as 34M
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Page22
Questions
What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?
What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
Page23
Contents
Page24
Overheads
Overheads
Section Overhead (SOH)
Path Overhead (POH)
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH)
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)
High Order Path Overhead (HPOH)
Low Order Path Overhead (LPOH)
Page25
Overheads
1 1
RSOH
2 A1
3 A1
4 A2 E1 D2
5 A2 AU-PTR
6 A2
7 J0 F1 D3
8 X X
9 X X
10 J1 HPOH: VC-3/4 B3 C2 G1
A1 B1 D1
2 3 4
5
MSOH
6 7 8 9 B2 D4 D7 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 K2 D6 D9 D12 F2 H4
F3
K3 N1
D10 D11 Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite) X Reserved for National use S1 M1 Huawei propriety bytes
V5 J2 N2 K4
E2 LPOH: VC-11/12
Page26
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame Bytes are unscrambled A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000) STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Finding frame head
Page27
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame N over 625s (5 frames)
Find A1,A2 Y
OOF over 3ms LOF
Next process
AIS
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s) MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE
NE DCC channel
NE
NE
TMN
OAM Information: Operation, Administration and maintenance
Page29
E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
E1 RS Orderwire Byte Used between regenerators E2 MS Orderwire Byte Used between multiplexers
NE
NE E1 and E2
NE
NE
Digital telephone channel E1-RS, E2-MS
Page30
B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity) Used to check the transmission errors over the RS B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Tx A1 A2 A3 A4 00110011 11001100 10101010 00001111
Rx
BIP-8
1#STM-N
Calculate B
2#STM-N
B 01011010
2#STM-N
B1 = B
Calculate B Compare B & B RS-BBE
1#STM-N
Page31
B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event) The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
Page32
M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors
Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors

Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic Tx Rx
Generate MS-FEBBE MS-REI

Return M1
Find B2 bit errors Generate MS-BBE

Page33
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes
I I
I I
WTR
S P
WTR P
Used for network multiplexing protection switch function
Transmitting APS protocol
Page34
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111
Start
Generate MS-AIS alarm

Detect K2 (b6b8) 111 Generate MS-AIS 110
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110"
Generate MS-RDI alarm
Return MS-RDI
Generate MS-RDI
S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
b1 ~ b4 Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM) b5 ~ b8 Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8
0000 0010 0100 1000 1011 1111
Description
Quality unknown (existing sync. Network) G.811 PRC SSU-A (G.812 transit) SSU-B (G.812 local) G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock) Do not use for sync (DNU).
Page36
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8 Path Signal Label Path Status Path User Channel F2 B3 C2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A UP T R
G1
TU Multiframe Indication Path User Channel AP Switching Network Operator
H4
F3 K3
Higher Order Path Overhead

N1
Page37
J1 Byte
Path trace byte
The first byte of VC-4 User-programmable (HUAWEI SBS)

N
Detect J1
The received J1 should match the expected J1

HP-TIM
Match
Next process
Page38
B3 Byte
Path bit parity
Even parity code Used to detect bit errors Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
Verify B3
Correct
HP-BBE
Next process
Page39
C2 Byte
Signal label byte
Detect C2
The received C2 should match with the expected C2

N Y
Match
00H
Specifies the mapping type in the VC-n
HP-UNEQ
00 H Unequipped 02 H TUG structure 13 H ATM mapping

Next process
HP-SLM
Insert AIS downward
Page40
Path Overheads
V5
Low Order Path Overhead
Indicated by TU-PTR Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12
1
1 V5
4
J2 N2 K4
b1 - b2 Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
b3 Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-REI)
b8 Return alarm detected

in VC-12 (LP-RDI)
9 500s VC-12 multi-frame
Page41
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer (AU-PTR)
Unit Pointer (TU-PTR)
AU-PTR VC-4 J1 TU-PTR VC-3 J1 VC-12 V5
Page42
AU-PTR
1
RSOH
Positive Negative justification justification
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3
MSOH
0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
9 1
RSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125s 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
H1YYH2FFH3H3H3
MSOH
0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
9
1
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250s 9 270
Page43
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500s 1 H1 TU POINTERS H2 H3 VC3 4
VC12
9
VC12
VC12
VC12
TU POINTERS
V1
V2
V3
V4
Page44
Questions
Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?
What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation? Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?
Page45
Summary

SDH Overview Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Overheads & Pointers
Page46
Thank you
www.huawei.com

Ota000004 SDH Principle Issue 2.30

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SDH Principle

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

multiplexing method, and so on.

Why did SDH emerge?

New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of different suppliers.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

PDH electrical interfaces

SDH electrical interfaces

Only 3 regional standards: European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American

SDH optical interfaces

Can be connected to different vendors optical transmission equipments.

PDH optical interfaces

No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing methods: Level by level

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Remote & Centralized Management

Weak OAM function

Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison between SDH and PDH

Low bandwidth utilization ratio

Complex mechanism of pointer justification

Influence of excessive use of software on system security

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

SDH Frame Structure

RSOH AUPTR MSOH

SDH Frame Structure

low rate signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section Overhead

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Multiplexing Features

SDH Multiplexing includes:

Some terms and definitions:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

VC4 1 H P O H 1 261 Next

9 Mapping 1 260 125 s

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s Signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

Bit rate of STM-1= 92708*8000