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INDONESIA
Governance Challenges
Electricity Industry is political subject.
Indonesia constitution regard electricity as vital and strategic to the state Regulated and controlled by the state.
Regulated Model prone to corruption, and utility become target of political interest.
Political, social, economic interest vs. Commercial interest; Governance of the management is seriously compromised.
Establishment of electricity market (power pool) in Java-Bali system. Rationalization of Independent Power Producers (IPP).
Estimated cost to complete the overall reform program was estimated around US$ 4-5 billion.
Why Civil Society opposing the 2002 Power Sector Reform (PSR)?
Externally driven by IFIs and Western Donor Institutions that is seen as the instrument to serve capitalist interests. The Reform package perceived as a program that only promote and facilitate private interest and very narrow to the financial issue of the sector, instead of taking into account a wider public interest. The reform package missed to address the need to secure the electricity service provision for the people that is affordable and reliable. State responsibility vs. Private profit
Why Civil Society opposing the 2002 Power Sector Reform (PSR)?
The design of PSR and the formulation of 2002 Law were lack with civil society and consumer participation in the first place. Process did not well communicate, information and document were hard to obtain; Impact of reform did not well assessed and properly addressed in the proposed electricity law.
Failing Reform
Government failed to define and implement PSR the electricity law revoked by the Constitutional Court:
The Electricity Law is passed without sufficient public consultation or taking into account public concern. Doubt over the implementation of the electricity law to address concern over electricity supply. Failed to establish independent regulatory body to oversight PLN and private utilities. Electricity subsidy remaining high in the last 5 years ( average about $ 6 to 8 billion/year). Despite the Electricity Law intends to stripped PLNs monopoly power, in practice PLN has given more role (i.e. purchase renewable electricity from small-hydro and geothermal).
Lesson Learn of Designing and Implementing the Electricity Sector Reform (1)
Electricity sector reform is a complex matter.
Require wider institutional reform before overall electricity reform take place.
Lesson Learn of Designing and Implementing the Electricity Sector Reform (2)
Address civil society and consumer concerns/issues since the beginning while developing the reform agenda.
Creating platform and process for public participation and mechanism for consultation. Require strong and knowledgeable civil society organizations to be participated effectively.
Conclusion
Power sector is critical and important in developing countries context and subject to political struggle. Indonesia PSR failure caused by many factors, in addition to the complexity of the reform itself. Power Sector Reform requires wide-range reform in energy sector and public sector. Creating a platform for dialogue, clear and transparent mechanism for public consultation is a prerequisite condition toward a citizenoriented power sector reform.
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