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Chapter 1:
Introduction to Human
Neighbors and Tannehill-Jones
Diseases.
Pete LeRoy, PhD
Define Basic Terminology used in the study of Human Diseases Discuss the Pathogenesis of Disease Describe the Standard Precaution Guidelines for Disease Prevention Identify Predisposing Factors to Human Disease Explain the differences between Diagnosis and Prognosis of a Disease. Differentiate between Infectious Diseases and Chronic Diseases Discuss the role of Medicine and the role of Education as they pertain to disease Explain why the Infectious Diseases no longer pose the major challenge and why they have been replaced by
Chronic Diseases
Overview
The study of Human Diseases is important so that we can better prevent and treat diseases. It is always better to prevent a disease, when possible, then to wait for the disease to occur and have to depend upon treatment. Some diseases affect only one part of the body or a particular body system, whereas other diseases affect several body parts or body systems at the same time. There are many factors that influence the bodys ability to remain healthy or predispose it to the diseases process. Many of these factors are controllable while some are non-controllable (heredity).
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chromosomes
Pathology
Broadly defined, the word pathology means the study of disease. (patho=disease, ology=study). More precisely defined, it means that
branch of medicine which treats of the essential nature of disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by disease.
Pathologists
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A pathologist is one who studies disease. There are different types of pathologists: Experimental research Academic teaching Anatomic clinical examinations (autopsies, biopsies) Clinical laboratory examinations (hematology, immunology, microbiology) Pathogenesis is a description of how a disease progresses. For example, the common cold.
Pathogens
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Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease. Pathogens can be: Bacteria single-celled microscopic organisms Viruses infectious agents much smaller than bacteria. They can only replicate within a living host cell. Fungi microscopic plant-like organisms (yeast and molds) Protozoans single-celled microscopic parasites Helminthes - worms
nations (U.S., England, France, Germany, Australia, etc.) are Chronic diseases.
Predisposing Factors
Factors which predispose a person (increase the chances) for disease are called risk factors. Risk factors do not cause the disease, per se, but they increase the odds of the disease occurring. Risk factors are divided into 5-categories: Age Sex Environment Lifestyle Heredity Risk factors are subdivided into controllable and non-controllable factors.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lifestyle - Controllable
Lifestyle plays a role in all diseases but especially chronic diseases. Ones lifestyle is the sum total of their usual behaviors. How one lives implies behavioral choices. Whether or not one smokes, exercises, eats a healthy diet and maintains a healthy body weight are examples of behavioral choices. Lifestyle risk factors are controllable.
HEREDITY: 16%
ENVIRONMENT: 21%
CHRONIC DISEASES
Cause: (Multicausative) Lifestyle, environment, genetics Onset: Gradual, Insidious Duration: Indefinite, Often for a Lifetime Recovery following treatment: Ill-defined
No Discernible Illness
The Medical System is a Passive System It is activated by a sick person. Education (pro-active) seeks to prevent Illness in the first
place.
Treatment
Once a disease has been diagnosed (given a name) treatment interventions can be decided upon. Treatment may include medications (drugs), surgery, physical therapy, exercise, dietary modifications, and education. The concept of treatment should be holistic, i.e., treatment of the person and not just the disease. Palliative treatment seeks to prevent pain and discomfort but does not seek a cure.
Ethical Issues
Ethics concerns itself with moral issues the rightness or wrongness of decisions. A major issue confronting us today is the rightness or wrongness of Euthanasia. Do you think Mercy Killing is good or bad and why? Do you want Heroic Measures implemented to save your life? How about the life of a loved one? Why do we consider putting our pets asleep a humane measure but dont think its humane to put a human out of misery? Who should make Life-or-Death decisions? You? Doctors? Courts?
Questions to Ponder
Why do you think it is important to study human diseases? What are the major diseases (categories) challenging people living in West Virginia and the United States? How important is it for us to control risk factors? Why do we refer to the medical-care system as a passive system? Why is Education called Pro-Active? What are the major risk factors for lifestyle diseases? Differentiate between Infectious Diseases and Chronic Diseases in terms of: Cause, Onset, Duration, and Recovery after Treatment. What is the percent contribution of Lifestyle to the Chronic Diseases? What are the three parts of a medical diagnosis and which is most important to the physician? Do you think its important that we set-an-example for our children and loved ones in the fight against chronic illness? Is it important that teachers who teach health be role models?
Terms
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