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Learning objectives
Name of alkyl halides State the alkyl halides Explain the reaction of alkyl halides
Learning outcomes
Students will be able to
Name the alkyl halides Understand the synthesis of alkyl halides Addition of HX to alkenes Chlorination of alkenes Reaction of alcohols with HCl, SOCl2 and PBr3. Understand the reaction of alkyl halides Grignard reagents Nucleophilic substitution reactions Eliminations
Alkyl halide: compound with a halogen atom bonded to a saturated carbon atom
3. Write the name. 4. List all substituents in alphabetical order and use one of the prefixes di, tri, tetra and so on
Functional group is an alkane, therefore suffix = -ane The longest continuous chain is C3 therefore root = prop The substituent is a chlorine, therefore prefix = chloro
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phosphorous Acid
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Halogens
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The Grignard reagents are synthesized from the corresponding organobromide with magnesium
Organic halide
Grignard Reagent
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Reaction
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At a concentration of reactants, the substitution occurs at a certain rate If concentration of OH- doubles, the frequency of collision between the two reactants doubles and we find that the reaction rate also doubles. If concentration of CH3Br doubles, the reaction rate again doubles Thus, the 2 in SN2 is said to be bimolecular because the rate of the reaction depends on the concentrations of two substances.
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In the transition state, the new Nu-C bond is partially forming and old C-X bond is partially breaking The negative charge is shared by both the incoming nucleophile and outgoing leaving group
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Steric effects arise from the fact that each atom within a molecule occupies a certain amount of space.
Steric hindrance occurs when the size of groups within a molecule prevents chemical reactions that are observed in related smaller molecules. Although steric hindrance is sometimes a problem (it prevents the SN2 reactions with tertiary substrates from taking place).
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Elimination Reaction
When a nucleophile reacts with an alkyl halide two kinds of reactions can occur Substitution where a nucleophile can react at carbon to substitute for the halide
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Elimination Reaction
Elimination reactions almost always give mixtures of alkene products . Zaitsevs rule In the elimination of HX from an alkyl halide, the more highly substituted alkene product predominates Used to predict major products The alkene with the larger number of alkyl substituents on the double bond
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Elimination Reaction
The second complication is that eliminations can take place by several different mechanisms E1, E2, and E1cB reactions Differ in the timing of C-H and C-H bond breaking All three mechanisms occur in laboratory E1cB predominates in biological pathways
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Elimination Reaction
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Elimination Reaction
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The E2 Reaction
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Checking outcomes
Name the alkyl halides
Thank you
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