Vibration Control

ISO 2631.1 (1997)

Micro-Vibration Level
ONE-DOF Vibration
Active isolation
1
Machines are normally mounted on metal springs or by
blocks and mouldings of rubber-like materials in order to
isolate vibration.
Active isolation
2
The system can be viewed as a
simple mass-spring system as
shown in here.
Transmissibility of the force T
F

is given by

2
n
0
T
F
1
1
F
F
T
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

= =

Active isolation
3
There are three regions.

(1) e < e
n
,

(2) e = e
n
, and

(3) e > e
n
.

F
T
/F
0
e/e
n
Active isolation
4
(1) When e < e
n
, the base experiences the same force
as if the mass is fixed to it. The forces are in phase.

(2) When e = e
n
, Force at base goes to infinity and
this must be avoided.

(3) When e > e
n
, T
F
decrease towards 1. For e/e
n
>2,
TF becomes less than unity and enter the isolation
zone. Isolation improves as (e/e
n
) increases. The
fall-off rate is approximately equal to 12
dB/octave. The forces are 180
o
out of phase.
T
d
behaves the same.
Active isolation
5
Another useful equation is



where o is the static deflection. This can be used to
estimate the natural frequency of the system.

o t
=
t
= e
t
=
g
2
1
mg
kg
2
1
2
1
f
n n
Active isolation
6
For a system with damping, T
F
is
given by





Graphically it can be represented
as

u
x
2 1
2 1
F
F
T
2
n
2
2
n
2
n
0
T
F
=
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
, +
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
e
e

|
.
|

\
|
e
e
, +
= =

Active isolation
7
The peak now has finite
amplitude. Criteria for
effective isolation remains as

2
n
>
e
e
Active isolation
8
Peak response shifted towards lower
frequency with increased damping and
reduced transmissibility.
TF is not decaying as far as the case
when , = 0. Decay rate can be as low as
6dB/oct.
A technique known as clearance viscous
damping can be used to overcome this
problem. In this arrangement, damping
comes in when amplitude is high i.e. at
resonance. At low amplitudes, the system
is undamped. This gives good high
frequency isolation.

Factors affecting Vibration







REDUCTION AT SOURCE
ISOLATION
u
x
2 1
2 1
F
F
T
2
n
2
2
n
2
n
0
T
F
=
|
.
|

\
|
e
e
, +
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
e
e

|
.
|

\
|
e
e
, +
= =
REDUCTION AT SOURCE

Balancing of moving mass
Balancing of magnetic forces
Control of clearances
Smoothen the flow
Reduce self-excitation

(1) Unbalancing of rotating
machines
For a well balanced
Rotating machine, the
axis of rotation coincides
with the principle axis of
the rotor. No force is
generated.

F
e
e

Response of a unbalanced rotor
Response X of the mass
M due to the eccentric
mass m is:






It starts at zero.

2
n
2
2
n
2
n
2 1
me
MX
(

e
e
, +
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
e
e

|
.
|

\
|
e
e
=
Eccentric masses
Eccentric masses arise because of:
Manufacturing Tolerance
Assembly Tolerances
Non-homogenous Material
Assembly Non-symmetry
Distortion at service speed
Hydraulic unbalance
Aerodynamic unbalance
Thermal gradient

Types of unbalancing
ISO Recommendation 1925 Balancing
terminology
Static Unbalance
Couple unbalance
Quasi-static unbalance
Dynamic unbalance
(a) Static Balancing
Also known as
Single Plane Balancing.

Principle Axis
of Inertia
C.G.
Axis of rotation
Auto balancing

Some system such as
washing drum has shifting
unbalanced mass. To
properly counter this,
automatic balancing
technique has to be used.
F
e
counter
force
counter
force
(b) Couple balancing
C.G.
Axis of rotation
Principle axis of Inertia
Correction mass
Unbalanced mass
(c) Quasi-static balancing
Principle axis of Inertia
Axis of rotation
Correction masses
Unbalanced masses
C.G.
When the two axes intersect at a point other than the
C.G., quasi-static unbalance occurs.
(d) Dynamic unbalance





Principle axis of Inertia
Unbalanced mass
Unbalanced mass
Correction mass
Correction mass
C.G.
Axis of rotation
When both axes do not intersect dynamic unbalance
occurs. The correction masses will not be placed
diametrically opposite to each other to correct this defect.
(2) Balancing of rotating
machines

The set-up for single
plane balancing is
shown here . Only
one pickup is
required.
Procedures
i) Reference marks are
placed on the rotor
(wheel) and the stator
as shown
The reference
mark on the rotor
will move to a
different position
under operating
condition.
Simultaneously, the
amplitude of vibration
is picked up by the
sensor placed at the
bearing. This unbalance
vector can be plotted as.
Now attach a trial
mass, m
t
is placed at
the reference mark on
the rotor. If the rotor
is running again at the
same rotational speed,
the reference mark
will be shifted to a
new position.
The vector diagram now becomes
|=ou
B
C
The trial mass introduces the vector C
The vector diagram now becomes
|=ou
B
C
The trial mass introduces the vector C

D
C
Two-plane balancing
Flexible Unbalance
The rotor considered in the
previous sections are
assumed to be rigid. If this
is not true then the
balancing becomes much
more complicated because
many deformation shapes
can occur.
Utilizing unbalanced force
Unbalanced can sometime
be used usefully. The
vibrator in handphone and
the shaker shown here are
both example of
harnessing unbalncced
force.