Chapter 5

Philippine History Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Formation of the Philippine Colonial Society (1762-1896)

Early British interest in the Philippines The seven year war

Arrival of the British invaders in manila bay The siege and fall of manila The Philippines under the rule of the British east India co.

Results of the British invasion

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British occupation of manila, 17621764

Oppressive Colonial Policies And The Natives Responses

Common grievances

The Spanish friars committed abuses and exploitation such as excessive interference in the natives daily life, corporal punishment for the slightest offense, sexual molestations of native women, onerous fees that passed as religious obligation, land grabbing, and the natives virtual reduction to slaves and servants. The natives resisted excessive impositions of forced labour and taxes, confiscation of properties, and policy of reduction (policy of movement).

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Contributory Factors In The Political, Economic, And Intellectual Awakening Of The Filipinos

The Early Uprisings

Prior to the 1896 revolution, the Filipinos had staged more than 100 revolts due to untold grievances against the Spaniards.

Agoncillo, on his part, pointed out that although the revolts were unsuccessful, their almost regular outbreak showed that the Filipinos were dissatisfied with Spanish rule (1967: 131)

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Although these early uprisings did not bring about any significant result, yet the experiences, according to Constantino, were not a total loss. Participant in revolts made the Filipinos aware of their strength and gave them an education in struggle (1975; 112)

External Political Forces

Progressive European Ideologies

The French revolution fostered the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity that led the growth of liberalism in western Europe including Spain. Liberalism in Spain had significant repercussions in her colonies, especially the Philippines. The triumph of the liberals in Spain produced the Cadiz constitution of 1812, which extended the rights of man not only to Spaniards in the peninsula but also to all subjects of Spain. Liberalism spread in the Philippines with the coming of liberals and of pertinent reading materials.

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The ideas of the enlightenment or age of reason (17th and 18th century) swept European countries for some time. These were the tenets of individual liberty and greater freedom empowered by thinkers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau.

19th century economic development

Opening of the Philippines to international commerce

The galleon trade ended in 1813 (1815 in agoncillos history of the Filipino people, 1990). The royal Philippine co., which was monopolistic, even if it promoted export crops was abolished in 1834. The expansion of Philippine ports (Iloilo, cebu, sual in pangasinan, and zamboanga) outside of manila stimulated foreign demand for Philippine products and encouraged agricultural production in the Philippines. 19th century economic development d. traditional Philippine export changed radically with the rapid development and regionalization of cash crops such as sugar(Iloilo and Negros), tobacco (Ilocos), hemp (Bicol), indigo, rice(panay island and central Luzon), and coffee (batangas).

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The change from mercantilism to laissez-faire brought to economic transformation in the Philippines, specially the development of the new classes and the alteration of the existing social order.

The Rise Of The Middle Class

Greater economic activity in the Philippines brought about by its opening to world trade resulted in some prosperity.

The Filipinos and mestizos improved in economic status and thus formed the middle class. In Iloilo, this resulted from the lucrative textiles industry The middle class provide the national leadership needed even before 19th century.

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Prosperity was obtained by at least a few Filipino and mestizos who actively sought new economic opportunities, especially in the 19th century.

Improvement in transportation and communication facilities brought about by the demands of expanded commercial activity.

construction of roads and bridges. Improvement of the mail services. Improvement in transportation and communication facilities which made the natives more aware of their common plight.

Opening of the Suez canal in 1890

it shortened the route between the Philippines and Europe. it encountered a greater number of Spaniards and other Europeans to come to the Philippines among them were liberals from whom Filipinos learned about liberalism and political development in Europe. more Filipinos travelled to span and other parts of Europe because travel time was reduced.

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The Establishments Of British America Business Firms In The Philippines.

the entry of English textiles destroyed the local weaving industry, particularly in Iloilo. The local cloth (sinamay, jusi, pinya) could not compete with the much cheaper products of great Britains textile mills. From being the daily wear of the people, the local textile products became luxurious, which only the rich can afford. English owned banks in manila, Iloilo, and Cebu such as the Hong Kong and shanghai banks and the chartered bank were established American firm were mostly engaged in the export-import business an in the sales if US-manufactured merchandise.

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By the 1880s, England and her possessions had become the principal trading partners of the Philippines, with the United States coming in second

Patterns of the Philippine Economic Development

the adoption of a liberal economic policy (laissez-faire)

There were more or less systematic efforts to develop the agricultural sources of the islands and the attempt to widen the commercial contacts of the colony by opening direct trade with spain and other countries. Production of cash crops such as sugar, indigo, tobacco, and hemp was encouraged, providing new sources of revenue and diminishing dependence on Mexican subsidy.

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the galleon trade and other government monopolies were abolished by the first half of the 19th century.

The Philippines in world commerce and its economic transformation

British and American firms exported raw materials and imported manufactured products, especially great quantities of textiles and needed machinery for sugar production. The opening of the Philippines to world trade led to the dissolution of the traditional economy of many regions and the modernization of the economy. The significant result was the regional specialization of crops sugar in western visayas, tobacco in the ilocos region, hemp in the bicol area, and so on. Foreign consulates were established in manila and viceconsulates in Iloilo and cebu to oversee economic activities.

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Foreign firms, mostly British and Americans, came and engaged in export trade

Service-oriented facilities like hotels, restaurants, theaters, department stores, and so on emerged in the major porttowns. 3/27/12 Banco espanol-filipino de isabela ii and two british owned banks (hongkong and shanghai banking corp and chartered bank) were put up. The Chinese and mestizos in the country became capitalists and middle men. They distributed imports, purchased local products for export, and dominated retail trade. The mestizos grew affluence.

In the competition between the Chinese and the mestizos, the latter had the advantage of greater mobility because they were not subjected to the residence requirement and other restrictions

D. 19th century political developments

1. secularization and filipinization.

economic development, however, brought about an increase in the number of native priests. Priesthood, at that time , was the best road to status and economic affluence. the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Philippines in 1768 resulted in the shortage of priest in the country, and this required fast tracking if training for local priest. d. the royal decree of 1774 ordering the secularization of parishes encouraged more native to enter priesthood. more native secular priests were given parishes of their own. when the policy of desecularization was adopted and implemented, many native priest were affected. This situation was aggravated by the return of the Jesuits in 1859 and the consequent relocation of missions among various orders.

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a long quarrel between regulars and seculars over parish assignments and supervisory rights came about, first involving only the Spanish and a few native priests.

the liberal administration of gov.gen. carlos maria de la torre

Filipinos experience how to live under a liberal regime.

the cavite mutiny and martyrdom of GOMBURZA

unrest broke out during the tenure of the conservative Spanish gov. gen. Rafael de izquierdo, who replaced gov gen de la torre. Izquierdo promptly suspended or revised his predecessors liberal decrees and classified as personas sospechosas, the persons who had supported dela torres, policies. the workers at fort san felipe in cavite had enjoyed exemption from tribute and forced labor since 1740. When izquierdo abolished these privileges abruptly, the men in the fort mutinied led by sgt. Lamadrid. the three priest burgos gomez and Zamora. Suspected as behind the mutiny were arrested given a mock trial and

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being a liberal gov. gen dela torre passed a number of decrees granting certain individual rights to the natives.

The reform movement.

Concept of the middle class.

The role of the middle class.

The middle class composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos and native rose to a proposition of power and eventually became leaders in finance and education. The Spanish authorities looked down upon them, for they did not belong to the inner circle of peninsulares or Spaniards born in Spain, and insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines. Prior to the 1870s, those called Filipinos were called the insulares or creoles. Thus in the beginning, the term Filipino had a racial and elitist connotation. The term Filipinos was appropriated by the middle class who had undergone Hispanization. Frustrated in their attempt to win a place in the sun and feeling oppressed by the abuse and arrogance of colonial officials and friars, the middle class started the movement for reforms. The masses looked upon the middle class with suspicion due to the perceived arrogance and insolence of the latter.

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The nature of the Reform Movement

Although attempts to expose the evils of Spanish colonialism pariticularly the abuses of the friars and the guardia civil, were made within the Philippines, the principal propaganda effort was exerted in spain. The hope was for Madrid government to be aware of what was really happening in the Philippines so that some reforms might be granted, The colonial official in the Philippines were generally reactionary that there was in hope for the meaningful changes to come in the country. There was no clamor for independence at first, as reformists believed that the Filipinos would be better off if the country became a province of spain. The assimilation of the Philippines to spain was to be accomoplished in a peaceful manner.

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The great reformists.

Three groups formed the nucleus of the movement for reforms. The first was the group of suspected filibusteros including ceoles and Spanish mestizos in the wake of the Cavite Mutiny 1872 The second group was composed of young men sent to spain for their studies, like Jose Rizal. The third consisted of refugees who Philippines to escape persecution. Among this group, the most prominent were Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. Del Pilar. The reformists established in Barcelona in December 1888, a purely Filipino organization, la solidaridad. The goup came up with a publication of the same name in 1889 and this became the principal organ of the propaganda movement for more than five years.

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The result and significance of the Propaganda Movement.

The failure of the Movement

The mother country was too preoccupied with its own internal problems to pay attention to the so-called Philippine problem. The friars were too powerful even in spain to be distracted by Spanish authorities. The organizations established in the Philippines whose purpose was to campaign for reform did not have sufficient means and support from the public with which to carry out their aims. There was lack of funds that even the publication of the la Solidaridad was jeopardized. The propagandists were also divided due to lack of unity. Differences of opinion, pretty jealousies, and personal ambitions. The result was the weakening of ties that bound them together.

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The significance of their movement

Limited number of copies of la solidaridad and of rizals novels reached the local ilustrados, who came to lead the revolutionary forces in their own provinces. Attempts of the colonial government to stop the entry and distribution of propaganda materials highlighted the very lack of freedom that the propagandists were condemning. Because the writings of the propagandists reflected the actual conditions of the country, a feeling of empathy grew among the people. The articulation of feelings of oppression heightened the fervour of the masses. Since its failure led to the founding of the revolutionary Katipunan with separatist aim, in a way therefore, the Reform Movement was a success

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Although the propagandists had limited influence for who they wrote in Spanish and government censorship seriously hampered the circulation of propaganda materials, the movements affect of the revolution cannot be discounted.

Factors leading to the Philippine revolution of 1896

Underlying Factors

The influence of the propaganda movement The role of masonry The Filipino propagandists in spain affiliated with masonic lodges in spain These lodges became the focus of propaganda activities in spain and were responsible for the masonic movement. The masonic movement was anti-friars. The Filipino masons in spain were responsible for the organization of masonic lodges in the Philippines which, in turn, helped to recruit members and to fund propaganda work in sapin At the outbreak of the 1896 revolution, masonry was already deeply entrenched in the Philippines. Though not directly responsible for the revolution , it served as a pattern for the method of organization of katipunan. Andres bonifacio, its 3/27/12

La liga Filipina

This was organized by Jose Rizal upon his return to the Philippines in july 1892. 3/27/12 It constituted a forward step in the reformist ideas of the times because it sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement. Among those attracted to the liga was bonifacio who became one of the founders of the organization. The primary aim to the liga was to unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body. In this sense, Rizal was already imagining a nation. The Spanish authorities considers the liga as dangerous and on july 6, 1892, was arrested and subsequently deported to dapitan.

The split

The liga was quite active in the first few months then it lay low due to the arrest and deportation of rizal, its leader. Some members became convinced that peaceful agitation for reform was futile. The conservatives organized the cuerpo de compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting la solidaridad while the radicals led by bonifacio devoted themselves to a new secret society, the katipunan, which he established soon after the arrest of rizal. 3/27/12

Centuries of oppressions, exploitation, and the land question

Colonial oppression caused common suffering among the people. Because of the incessant struggles over the centuries and increasing misery, and because bonifacios call for separation from spain was simple and direct solution to their problem, the peasants quickly rallied to the revolutionary movement. Greater awareness of common deprivation and oppression was made possible by economic progress in manila. The convergence of thousands of exploited workers in a single place necessarily developed in them the recognition of their solidarity and of their interest as Filipinos In the rural areas, the economic progress of the 19th century depressed the living standards of the masses. The successful development of cash crops for exports, like tobacco, sugar cane, and abaca(hemp), intensified exploitation and suffering and strengthened the feudal nature of philippine economy Deep resentment was felt against the land grabbing activities of the friars and their exploitative practice. The Spaniards

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Immediate causes

The economic depression during the period 1891-1895

The prices of sugar and hemp fell disastrously while the prices of imported goods rose because of unfavourable exchange. What also added to the peoples difficulty were scarcity and the higher cost of importation that raised the prices of rice

The drought and locust infestation in central Luzon in june and july 1896

Despite the calamities, the friars landowners refused to condone even parts of the rent and in certain cases even demanded an increase. Misery and desperation drove the peasants of Luzon to the cause of revolution.

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Unstable currency and exchange fluctuations were especially hard on the Filipino laborers and the small producers

The convergence of grievance between the middle class and the masses

Filipino professionals and university graduates were seldom appointed to government position. Finding employment was also difficult because of racial discrimination. The grievance of each class converged to form one common stream of protest. Conditions were ripe for a revolution.

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The economic crises that aggravated the unrest of the masses also affected the native middle class and a few of the upper class.

The katipunan

Under the leadership of bonifacio, the katipunan laid down three fundamental objective: 3/27/12 The political objective was to work for the separation of the Philippines from spain. The moral objective was to teach good manners, hygiene, good morals, and to attack obscurantism, religious fanaticism, and weakness of character The civic aim was to develop self-help and concern for the defence of the poor and the oppressed From the start, the katipunan tasked itself in arousing national feeling and working for the liberation of Filipino people from Spanish oppression and friar despotism. Believing that only a united people could achieve their own freedom, the katipunan strove to lay the basis for this unity for fostering a stronger love of county and encouraging mutual aid.

preparation for the revolutionary struggle

recruitment, propaganda, and expansion.

The propaganda aspect of the government was handled by Emilio jacinto who edited the katipunan;s newspaper kalayaan. The katipunan tried to enlist the aid of wealthy Filipinos but failed angry and disappointed, bonifacio and jacinto decided to manufacture fictitious documents implicating rich Filipinos as heavy contributor to the katipunan. The womens chapter of the katipunan was established.

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Preparation for armed struggle proceeded apace with recruitment and gathering of arms.

Jacinto prepared the kartilla ng katipunan, a primer used to indoctrinate the member of the katipunan in its ideals. Pio Valenzuela was sent to dapitan by bonifacio to consult rizal on the impeding revolution. Rizal advised against staging a premature revolution on the grounds that, Filipinos were not prepared and they lacked arms. An attempt was made to seek the aid of the Japanese, but also failed because the Japanese were not willing to commit their country to the revolutionary plans of the katipunan. They just fought a major conflict- THE SINO JAPANESE WAR The katipuneros stole rifles and pistols from the Spanish maestranza(arsenal)

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The discovery of the katipunan and the start of the revolution.

The betrayal of teodoro patino(patinyo) in august 1896. 3/27/12 2.the arrest and imprisonment of hundred of katipuneros and of those being connected with the movement. the die is cast cry of pugad lawin(august 23,1896) or the cry of balintawak(august 26,1896). The exact place and date of this turning point in philippine history is still subjected to contention by scholars.