Concurrent Force Systems(II)

ENGR 221
January 22, 2003
Lecture Goals
2.6 Rectangular Components of a Force
2.7 Resultants by Rectangular Components
3.2 Free-Body Diagrams
3.3 Equilibrium of a particle

Two Dimensional Resultants



The vector components are written as
x y
F F i F j = +
F
x

F
y

u
F
where,
i - the unit vector in the x direction
j - the unit vector in the y direction
Two Dimensional Vectors
Vector Components:


In two dimensions, a force can be described using a
magnitude |F| and single angle, u. The components of
the vector are F
x
and F
y

2 2
x y
x
y
1
y
x
F
Fcos
tan
Fsin
F F
F
F
F
F
u
u
u

= +
=
| |
=

|
=
\ .
F
x

F
y

u
F
Two Dimensional Vector - Example
Given two points(x
1
,y
1
) = (4,5) and (x
2
,y
2
) = (16, 10),
determine the vector from 1 to 2. Determine the
components of the vector.
( )
( )
x 2 1
y 2 1
16 4 12
10 5 5
F x x
F y y
=
= =
=
= =
Vector can be written
as:
x y
F
12 5
F i F j
i j
= +
= +
Two Dimensional Vector - Example
y
1
x
1
tan
5
tan 0.3948 rad
12
22.62
F
F
u

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
( ) ( )
2 2
x y
2 2
F
12 5 13
F F = +
= + =
The magnitude and angle are
Three Dimensional Vectors



The vector components are written as
x y z
F F i F j F k = + +
where,
i - the unit vector in the x direction
j - the unit vector in the y direction
k - the unit vector in the z direction
Three Dimensional Vectors
Vector Components:


In two dimensions, a force can be described using a
magnitude |F| and three angles, u
x
, u
y
, and u
z
. The
components of the vector are F
x
, F
y
, and F
z
.
2 2 2
x y z
F F F F = + +
Three Dimensional
Vectors
Vector Components:


The three angles, u
x
, u
y
, and u
z
are defined
as:
x
x
y
y
z
z
cos
F
cos
F
cos
F
F
F
F
u
u
u
=
=
=
Three Dimensional
Vectors
Vector Components:


These vector cosines are
x x
y y
z z
F cos
F cos
F cos
F
F
F
u
u
u
=
=
=
x y z
F F i F j F k = + +
Three Dimensional
Vectors
Vector Components:


Substitute into the vector
( )
x y z
x y z
F F cos F cos F cos
F cos cos cos
i j k
i j k
u u u
u u u
= + +
= + +
The magnitude is |F| and unit vector is
x y z
cos cos cos i j k u u u = + +
Three Dimensional
Vectors
Vector Components:


The unit vector can be written as:
The magnitude is |F| and unit vector is
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
x y z
1
cos cos cos 1

u u u
+ + =
+ + =
x y z
x y z
cos cos cos i j k
i j k
u u u

= + +
= + +
Three Dimensional Vector - Example
Given two points(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) = (4,5,6) and (x
2
,y
2
,z
2
) =
(16, 10,12), determine the vector from 1 to 2.
Determine the components of the vector.
( )
( )
( )
x 2 1
y 2 1
z 2 1
16 4 12
10 5 5
12 6 6
F x x
F y y
F z z
=
= =
=
= =
=
= =
Vector can be written as:
x y z
F
12 5 6
F i F j F k
i j k
= + +
= + +
Three Dimensional Vector - Example
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
F
12 5 6 14.3178
F F F = + +
= + + =
The magnitude is
Three Dimensional Vector - Example
The directional cosines are
x
x x
y
y y
z
z z
12
cos 0.8381 0.577 rad or 33.06
F 14.3178
5
cos 0.3492 1.214 rad or 69.56
F 14.3178
6
cos 0.4191 1.138 rad or 65.22
F 14.3178
F
F
F
u u
u u
u u
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
Three Dimensional Vector - Example
The vector can be written as
( )
( )
x y z
F F cos cos cos
14.3178 0.8381 0.3492 0.4191
i j k
i j k
u u u = + +
= + +
Class - Problem
Determine the magnitude and directional cosines
of the vector.
A 700 820 900 i j k = +
Why?
Why do we need to a procedure to find the
directional cosine or unit vector of the vector?
Force - Example
A tower guy wire is anchored by
means of a bolt at A. The tension
in the wire is 2500 N. Determine
(a) the components F
x
, F
y
, and F
z

of the force acting on the bolt,(b)
the angles u
x
, u
y
, and u
z
defining
the direction of the force.
Force - Example
The first step is to determine the
coordinate system for the vector AB.
If we place the forces acting on bolt A
(tension). The force acts along the
direction of the wire, so we length of
the vector to fined the unit vector
x
y
z
40 m
80 m
30 m
d
d
d
=
=
=
Force - Example
The magnitude of d is


The unit vector is
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
d 40 m 80 m 30 m
94.34 m
= + +
=
( )
40 m 80 m 30 m
d 94.34 m
94.34 m 94.34 m 94.34 m
94.34 m 0.424 0.848 0.318
0.424 0.848 0.318
i j k
i j k
i j k

| |
= + +
|
\ .
= + +
= + +
Force - Example
The magnitude of the force is 2500 N
so that the force vector is



So that F
x
= -1060 N, F
y
= 2120 N and
F
z
= 795 N.
( )
F
2500 N 0.424 0.848 0.318
1060 N 2120 N 795 N
F
i j k
i j k
=
= + +
= + +
Force - Example
The angles are
x x
y y
z z
cos 0.424 2.009 rad or 115.1
cos 0.848 0.559 rad or 32.0
cos 0.318 1.247 rad or 71.5
u u
u u
u u
= =
= =
= =
Resultant Forces
The components of vectors are used to find the
resultants acting on object. Using the unit vectors,
the components of forces are
x x y y z z
R F R F R F = = =

2 2 2
x y z
y
x z
x y z
R
cos cos cos
R R R
R R R
R
R R
u u u
= + +
= = =
Class - Problem
Cable AB is in tension, 450 lbs,
determine the components of the
force exerted on the plate at A.
Equilibrium of a Particle in Space
The components of the forces in equilibrium
x y z
0 =0 0 F F F = =

Example-Equilibrium
A 200 kg cylinder is hung by
means of two cable AB and
AC, which are attached at the
top of a vertical wall holds the
cylinder in the position
shown. Determine the
magnitude of P and the tension
in each of the cables.
Example-Equilibrium
Define the coordinate system of
the points and find the force
vectors.
( )
( )
2
200 kg 9.81 m/s
1962 N

W mg j j
j
P P i
= =
=
=
Example-Equilibrium
The vector AB is
x
y
z
1.2 m
12 m 2 m 10 m
8 m
d
d
d
=
= =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1.2 m 10 m 8 m
1.2 m 10 m 8 m 12.86 m
AB i j k
AB
= + +
= + + =
Example-Equilibrium
The unit vector in the AB direction is



The tension vector T
AB
is
AB
1.2 m 10 m 8 m

12.86 m 12.86 m 12.86 m
0.0933 0.778 0.622
AB
i j k
AB
i j k

= = + +
= + +
AB AB AB
AB AB AB
0.0933 0.778 0.622
T T
T i T j T k
=
= + +
Example-Equilibrium
The vector AC is
x
y
z
1.2 m
12 m 2 m 10 m
10 m
d
d
d
=
= =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1.2 m 10 m 10 m
1.2 m 10 m 10 m 14.19 m
AC i j k
AC
= +
= + + =
Example-Equilibrium
The unit vector in the AB direction is



The tension vector T
AB
is
AC
1.2 m 10 m 10 m

14.19 m 14.19 m 14.19 m
0.0846 0.705 0.705
AC
i j k
AC
i j k

= = + +
= +
AC AC AC
AC AC AC
0.0846 0.705 0.705
T T
T i T j T k
=
= +
Example-Equilibrium
Apply the equilibrium condition.

Combine the vectors
AB AC
0 0 F T T W P = + + + =

( )
( )
( )
AB AC
AB AC
AB AC
0
0.0933 0.0846
0.778 0.705 1962 N
0.622 0.705
F
T T P i
T T j
T T k
=
= +
+ +
+

Example-Equilibrium
Break the components of the forces:



Use (3) to get a relationship for T
AB
and T
AC

( )
( )
( )
AB AC
x
AB AC
y
AB AC
z
0 0.0933 0.0846 1
0 0.778 0.705 1962 N 2
0 0.622 0.705 3
F T T P
F T T
F T T
= = +
= = +
= =

AB AC AC
0.705
1.133
0.622
T T T = =
Example-Equilibrium
Plug into (2) solve for magnitude of T
AC
and T
AB



Use the values to solve for P


( )
AC AC
AC
AB
0.778 1.133 0.705 1962 N
1236 N
1401 N
T T
T
T
+ =
=
=
( ) ( )
AB AC
0.0933 0.0846
0.0933 1401 N 0.0846 1236 N
235 N
P T T = +
= +
=
Class -Problem
A weight W is supported by three cables. Determine the
value of W, knowing that the tension in the cable DC is
975 lb.
Class-Problem
The tension force in AC is 28 kN,
determine the the required values of
tension in AB and AD so that the
resultant force of the three forces
applied at A is vertical. Determine
the resultant force.
Free Body Diagrams
The first step in solving a problem is drawing a free-
body diagram (FBD). This step is the most crucial
and important solving any problem. It defines
weight of the body, the known external forces, and
unknown external forces. It defines the constraints
and the directions of the forces. If the FBD is drawn
correctly the solving of the problem is trivial.
Free Body Diagrams
Construction of a free body diagram.
Step 1: D

Step 2:

Step 3:
Decide which body or combination of bodies are
to be shown on the free-body diagram.
Prepare drawing or sketch of the outline of the
isolated or free body.
Carefully trace around the boundary of the free-
body and identify all the forces exerted by
contacting or attracting bodies that were
removed during isolation process.
Free Body Diagrams
Construction of a free body diagram(cont.)
Step 4: C


Choose the set of coordinate axes to be used in
solving the problem and indicate their directions
on the free-body diagram. Place any dimensions
required for solution of the problem on the
diagram.
FBD - Examples
What is the free-body
diagram of the weight?
FBD - Examples
The diagram has the
given angles and the
know magnitudes.
T
DA
T
DB
T
DC
W

FBD - Examples
What is the free-body
diagram of the tower for
the resultant force acting
vertically?
FBD - Examples
The resulting free-body
diagram can solve the
problem by attaching
points.
T
AB
T
AD
T
AC
R

Homework (Due 1/29/03)
Problems:
2-55, 2-61, 2-63, 2-83, 3-3, 3-4