DETECTION OF FAULT ON TRANSMISSION LINE USING GPS

BY: S.NAGENDRA KUMAR. S.KRISHNARJUNA RAO.

ABSTRACT:
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a new technique for the protection of transmission system. . In this scheme the relay contains a fault transient detection system together with a communication unit, which is connected to the power line through the high voltage coupling capacitors of the CVT (continuously variable transmission). Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network. These detect the fault generated high frequency voltage transient signals and record the time instant corresponding to when the initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at the bus bar. At each substation relay determine the location of the fault by comparing the GPS time stay measured locally with those received from the adjacent substations, extensive simulation studies presented here demonstrate feasibility of the scheme.

CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION WHAT IS GPS? IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAULT TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION THEORY CONCLUSION REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION:
Accurate location of faults on power transmission systems can

save time and resources for the electric utility industry. Technology is available which can help determine fault location to within a transmission span of 300 meters. This process by placing the information in a fault location Geographical Information System (GIS) computer, it is a large effort. Some utilities have further shortened the process by utilizing a transmission structures location database. Several utilities have recently created these databases for transmission inventory using GPS location technology and handheld computers.

WHAT IS GPS?
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit. originally intended for military applications allows precise determination of location, velocity, direction and time.

HOW GPS WOKS?

GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day .
Transmit signal information to earth. Receivers take this information and calculate the user's exact location. Accurate 3-D location require four satellites.

WHATS THE SIGNAL?

GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals. A GPS signal contains three different bits of information. - a pseudorandom code, - ephemeris data, - almanac data.

HOW ACCURATE IS GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate. GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on average. Newer GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can Improve accuracy to less than three meters on average. Increased accuracy to within an average of three to five meters.

SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS

Ionosphere and troposphere delays. Signal multipath. Receiver clock errors. Number of satellites visible. Satellite geometry/shading. Intentional degradation of the satellite signal.

TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION:

POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAULT

WHAT IS TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION?

Faults on the power

transmission system cause transients that propagate along the transmission line as waves. Fault location can then be obtained by multiplying the wave velocity by the time difference in line ends.

TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION THEORY

Traveling wave fault locators make use of the transient signals generated by the fault.
Unlike impedance-based fault location systems, the traveling wave fault locator is unaffected by load conditions. Precisely synchronized clocks are the key element in the implementation of this fault location technique. The required level of clock accuracy has only recently been available at reasonable cost with the introduction of the Global Positioning System.

The voltage and current at any point x obey the partial differential Equations

Where L and C are the inductance and capacitance of the line per unit length.

CONCLUSION
Thus the use of GPS in protection of transmission systems is beneficial in the respects like
-Value regarding programmatic goals -Technical merit -Overall performance