ANIMALIA I INVERTEBRATES: SPONGES THROUGH ECHINODERMS

Animal Classification Scheme

A. Porifera (sponges)

no true tissues exhibit asymmetry or radial symmetry aquatic (mostly marine) most are suspension (filter) feeders reproduce sexually (gametes) or asexually (budding, fragmentation) some produce gemmules-resist drying

out & extreme temps

Intracellular digestion: happens within the actual cell

B. Cnidaria (jellyfishes, hydras, corals

& sea anemones) diploblastic ectoderm (epidermis) endoderm (gastrodermis) exhibit radial symmetry aquatic (mostly marine) Predators two body forms polyp (sessile) medusa (free-swimming)

: extracellular digestion. They have a cavity, use

Enzymes to break food down, and absorb the nutrients. Incomplete, a second Hole never opens up. Lets to a pouch.

Cnidarian life cycle

many have cnidocytes (stinging cells)

Gland cells secrete enzymes. Interstitial cells are space filler cells. Cnidocytes are cells that sting.

many exhibit alternation of generations

C. Platyhelminthes (planaria, flukes &

tapeworms)

triploblastic unsegmented acoelomate bilateral symmetry free-living [planaria] or parasitic [the rest] (humans & domestic animals) lophotrochozoans

exhibit cephalization possess protonephridia

(flame cells)

digestive system (if present) is incomplete reproduce asexually (fragmentation) or sexually most are

hermaphroditic

D. Mollusca 2nd largest group (clams,

snails, slugs, octopuses & squids) Triploblastic- three germ layers unsegmented exhibit bilateral symmetry aquatic & terrestrial possess all organ systems:excretory, reproductive, respritory, etc. lophotrochozoans

reproduce sexually (separate sexes) have trochophore larvae

They will all have a foot, which helps in locomotion. They all have a specialized epidermis called the mantle, which helps them exchange gases. They also make the shell, if applicable. They also all have visceral mass, covered by mantle.

Mollusk Classification (most common): Bivalves: 2 part hinged shells (ex. clams) Gastropods: have spiral or internal shells and a crawling foot (ex. snails and slugs) Cephalopods: a modified muscular foot in the head region (ex. octopus and squid)

E. Annelida (oligochaetes, polychaetes

& leeches)

triploblastic segmented exhibit bilateral symmetry lophotrochozoans aquatic & terrestrial closed circulatory system reproduce sexually (oligochaetes &
leeches are hermaphroditic)

have trochophore larvae

F. Nematoda (heartworm, pinworm)

triploblastic unsegmented exhibit bilateral symmetry free-living (soil / aquatic) or parasitic

(plants / animals)

digestive system is complete reproduce sexually (separate sexes) ecdysozoans

G. Arthropoda

triploblastic segmented exhibit bilateral symmetry ecdysozoans exoskeleton composed of chitin open circulatory system possess Malpighian tubules reproduce sexually have trochophore larvae

4 subphyla of arthropods:
ticks, scorpions)

Trilobita (trilobites) - extinct Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, mainly terrestrial 2 major body segments piercing mouthparts 4 pairs of legs lack antennae

(cephalothorax & abdomen)

Crustacea (lobsters, crayfishes, crabs,

shrimp)

mainly aquatic 2 or 3 major body segments possess mandibles biramous appendages 4 pairs of legs 2 pairs of antennae

Uniramia (insects, millipedes,

centipedes)

mainly terrestrial possess mandibles 1 pair of antennae uniramous appendages 2 or 3 major body segments insects have wings & 3 pairs of legs millipedes have 2 pairs of legs/segment; centipedes have 1 pair/segment

H. Echinodermata (starfishes, brittle

stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, sea cucumbers) triploblastic deuterostome coelomates adults exhibit radial symmetry larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry

marine endoskeleton pedicellariae water vascular system with tube feet

usually reproduce sexually (gametes); asexually by fragmentation Similarities in embryonic development & DNA sequences indicate that echinoderms are closest to the chordates.