6

Applications of
Integration
6.1
Areas Between Curves
3 3
Areas Between Curves
Consider the region S that lies between two curves
y = f (x) and y = g(x) and between the vertical lines x = a
and x = b, where f and g are continuous functions and
f (x) > g(x) for all x in [a, b]. (See Figure 1.)
Figure 1
S = {(x, y) | a s x s b, g(x) s y s (x)}
4 4
Areas Between Curves
We divide S into n strips of equal width and then we
approximate the ith strip by a rectangle with base Ax and
height f (x
i
*) g(x
i
*). (See Figure 2. If we like, we could take
all of the sample points to be right endpoints, in which
case x
i
* = x
i
.)
Figure 2
5 5
Areas Between Curves
The Riemann sum


is therefore an approximation to what we intuitively think of
as the area of S.

This approximation appears to become better and better as
n . Therefore we define the area A of the region S as
the limiting value of the sum of the areas of these
approximating rectangles.
6 6
Areas Between Curves



We recognize the limit in (1) as the definite integral of f g.
Therefore we have the following formula for area.




Notice that in the special case where g(x) = 0, S is the
region under the graph of f and our general definition of
area (1) reduces.
7 7
Areas Between Curves
In the case where both f and g are positive, you can see
from Figure 3 why (2) is true:

A = [area under y = f (x)] [area under y = g(x)]
Figure 3
8 8
Example 1
Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x
2
+ 1,
bounded below by y = x, and bounded on the sides by
x = 0 and x = 1.

Solution:
The region is shown in Figure 4. The upper boundary curve
is y = x
2
+ 1 and the lower boundary curve is y = x.
Figure 4
9 9
Example 1 Solution
So we use the area formula (2) with f (x) = x
2
+ 1, g(x) = x,
a = 0, and b = 1:
contd
10 10
Areas Between Curves
If we are asked to find the area
between the curves y = f (x) and
y = g(x) where f (x) > g(x) for
some values x of but g(x) > f (x)
for other values of x, then we split
the given region S into several regions S
1
, S
2
, . . . with
areas A
1
, A
2
, . . . as shown in Figure 9. We then define the
area of the region S to be the sum of the areas of the
smaller regions S
1
, S
2
, . . . that is A = A
1
+ A
2
+ . . . Since
f (x) g(x) when f (x) > g(x)
| f (x) g(x) | =
g(x) f (x) when g (x) > f (x)
Figure 9
11 11
Areas Between Curves
we have the following expression for A.





When evaluating the integral in (3), however, we must still
split it into integrals corresponding to A
1
, A
2
,
12 12
Example 2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = sin x,
y = cos x, x = 0, and x = t/2

Solution:
The points of intersection occur when sin x = cos x, that is,
when x = t/4 (since 0 s x s t/2). The region is sketched in
Figure 10. Observe that cos x > sin x when 0 s x s t/4 but
sin x > cos x when t/4 s x s t/2.
Figure 10
13 13
Example 5 Solution
Therefore the required area is
contd
14 14
Example 5 Solution
In this particular example we could have saved some work
by noticing that the region is symmetric about x = t/4 and
so
contd
15 15
Areas Between Curves
Some regions are best treated by regarding x as a function
of y.
If a region is bounded by curves with equations x = f(y), x = g (y), y = c,
and y = d, where f and g are continuous and f(y) > g (y) for c s y s d
(see Figure 11), then its area is
Figure 11
X
L
X
R

16 16
Find the area enclosed by the line y = x - 1
and the parabola
y
2
= 2x + 6.
Example 3
17 17
By solving the two equations, we find that the points of
intersection are (-1, -2) and (5, 4).

We solve the equation of the parabola for x.

From the figure, we notice
that the left and right
boundary curves are:
2
1
2
3
1
L
R
x y
x y
=
= +
Example 3 - solution
18 18
We must integrate between the appropriate y-values, y = -2 and y = 4.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
2
4
2
1
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
4
3 2
2
1 4
6 3
1 3
4
1
4
2 3 2
(64) 8 16 2 8 18
R L
A x x dy
y y dy
y y dy
y y
y

=
(
= +

= + +
(
| |
= + +
( |
\ .

= + + + =
}
}
}
19 19
In the example, we could have found the area by integrating with
respect to x instead of y. However, the calculation is much more
involved.

It would have meant splitting the
region in two and computing
the areas labeled A
1
and A
2
.

The method used in
the example is much
easier.
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES
20 20
6.2
Volumes
21 21
Volumes ,V = Ah


Figure 1(a)
Figure 1(c) Figure 1(b)
22 22
Volumes by cross sections
23 23
24 24
A(x) is the area of a moving cross-section obtained by slicing through x
perpendicular to the x-axis.
25 25
Volumes
4
dy y R
b
a
] ) ( [
2
}
= t
26 26
Let be a solid that lies between and . If the cross-sectional area in the plane ,
through and perpendicular to the -axis, is , where is a continuous function, then
the volume of is

The volume of the solid is generated by revolving the area between the graph
y =f(x) of and the x-axis from x=a to x=b and around the x-axis is




The volume of the solid is generated by revolving the area between the graph
x =g(y) of and the y-axis from y=c to x=d and around the y-axis is

dx x f V
b
a
}
=
2
)] ( [ t
dy y g V
d
c
}
=
2
)] ( [ t
Solids of Revolution : The Disk Method
29 29
Example 1
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the -axis the region under the
curve =

from 0 to 1. Illustrate the definition of volume by sketching a typical

approximating cylinder.
30 30
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
bounded by y = x
3
, y = 8, and x = 0 about the y-axis.
Example 2
31 31
Example 2 solution
Integrate with respect to y.
Slicing at height y, we get a circular
disk with radius x, where

So, the area of a cross-section
through y is:


Since the solid lies between y = 0 and
y = 8, its volume is:


3
x y =
2 2 2/ 3
3
( ) ( ) A y x y y t t t = = =
8
0
8
2 3
0
8
5
3 3
5
0
( )
96
5
V A y dy
y dy
y
t
t
t
=
=
(
= =
(

}
}
32 32
Volumes
The Washers
33 33
34 34
The region R enclosed by the curves y = x and y = x
2
is rotated
about the x-axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
Example 3
The curves y = x and y = x
2
intersect at the points (0, 0) and (1, 1).

The region between them, the solid of rotation, and cross-section
perpendicular to the x-axis are shown.



35 35
Thus, we find the cross-sectional area by subtracting the
area of the inner circle from the area of the outer circle:

Thus, we have:
2 2 2
2 4
( ) ( )
( )
A x x x
x x
t t
t
=
=
Example 3 -- solution
1
0
1
2 4
0
1
3 5
0
( )
( )
3 5
2
15
V A x dx
x x dx
x x
t
t
t
=
=
(
=
(

=
}
}
36 36
Example 4
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
in Example 3 about the line y = 2.


Again, the cross-section is a washer.
the inner radius is 2 x and
the outer radius is 2 x
2
.
37 37
6.3
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
38 38
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
39 39
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
Its volume V is calculated by subtracting the volume V
1
of the inner
cylinder from the volume V
2
of the outer cylinder:
V = V
2
V
1

= tr
2
2
h tr
1
2
h = t(r
2
2
r
1
2)
h

= t(r
2
+ r
1
)(r
2
r
1
)h

= 2t h(r
2
r
1
)
V = [circumference] [height] [thickness]
40 40
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
41 41
Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
42 42
Example 1
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
about the y-axis the region bounded by y = 2x
2
x
3
and
y = 0.

Solution:
From the sketch in Figure 6 we see that a typical shell has
radius x, circumference 2tx, and height f (x) = 2x
2
x
3
.
Figure 6
43 43
Example 1 Solution
So, by the shell method, the volume is









contd
44 44
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the
y-axis the region between y = x and y = x
2
.

We see that the shell has radius x, circumference 2x, and
height x - x
2
.


Example 2
45 45
Thus, the volume of the solid is:
( )
( )
( )
1
2
0
1
2 3
0
1
3 4
0
2
2
2
3 4 6
V x x x dx
x x dx
x x
t
t
t
t
=
=
(
= =
(

}
}
Example 2
46 46
Example 3
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
bounded by y = x - x
2
and y = 0 about the line x = 2.

The figures show the region and a cylindrical shell formed by rotation
about the line x = 2, which has radius 2 - x, circumference 2(2 - x), and
height x - x
2
.

47 47
So, the volume of the solid is:
( )
( )
( )
0
2
1
0
3 2
1
1
4
3 2
0
2 2
2 3 2
2
4 2
V x x x dx
x x x dx
x
x x
t
t
t
t
=
= +
(
= + =
(

}
}
Example 3
48 48
6.4
Average Value of a Function
49 49
Average Value of a Function
It is easy to calculate the average value of finitely many
numbers y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
n
:


But how do we compute the average temperature during a
day if infinitely many temperature readings are possible?

Figure 1 shows the graph of a
temperature function T(t),
where t is measured in hours
and T in C, and a guess at
the average temperature, T
ave
.
Figure 1
50 50
Average Value of a Function
We define the average value of f on the interval [a, b] as
51 51
Example 1
Find the average value of the function f (x) = 1 + x
2
on the
interval [1, 2].

Solution:
With a = 1 and b = 2 we have
52 52
Average Value of a Function
If T(t) is the temperature at time t, we might wonder if there
is a specific time when the temperature is the same as the
average temperature.

For the temperature function
graphed in Figure 1, we see
that there are two such
timesjust before noon and
just before midnight.

In general, is there a number c at which the value of a
function f is exactly equal to the average value of the
function, that is, f (c) = f
ave
?
Figure 1
53 53
Average Value of a Function
The following theorem says that this is true for continuous
functions.







The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is a consequence of
the Mean Value Theorem for derivatives and the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
54 54
6.5
Arc Length
55 55
Arc Length
dividing the interval up into n equal subintervals each of
width
the point on the curve at each point is denoted by Pi.
We can then approximate the curve by a series of
straight lines connecting the points.
the approximation gets better as we let n increase
Archimedes used the perimeters of
inscribed polygons to approximate
the circumference of a circle. For
n=96, the approximation method
gives 3.14103 as the circumference
of the unit circle.
56 56
the length of each of these line
segments


and the length of the curve will then be
approximately,



and we can get the exact length by
taking n larger and larger.




Arc Length
1
1
lim
n
i i
n
i
L P P

=
=

Pi P
i

1
Pi P L
i
n
i
~

=
1
1
57 57

If we let yi = y
i
y
i1
, then




Arc Length
2 2
1 1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

= +
= A + A
i i i i i i
i
P P x x y y
x y
By the Mean Value Theorem we know that
on the interval [x
i1
, x
i
], we find that there is
a number x
i
* between x
i1
and x
i
such that



that is,


*
1 1
( ) ( ) '( )( )
i i i i i
f x f x f x x x

=
*
'( )
i i
y f x x A = A
58 58
Arc Length
Thus, we have:
2 2
1
2
2 *
2
* 2
2
*
( ) ( )
( ) '( )
1 '( ) ( )
1 '( ) (since 0)

= A + A
( = A + A

( = + A

( = + A A >

i i i
i
i
i
P P x y
x f x x
f x x
f x x x
Therefore,
1
1
2
*
1
lim
lim 1 '( )
n
i i
n
i
n
i
n
i
L P P
f x x

=
=
( = + A

59 59
Arc Length




If we use Leibniz notation for derivatives, we can write the
arc length formula as follows:
60 60
Example 1
Find the length of the arc of the semicubical parabola
y
2
= x
3
between the points (1, 1) and (4, 8). (See Figure 5.)
Figure 5
61 61
Example 1 Solution
For the top half of the curve we have

y = x
3/2


So the arc length formula gives



If we substitute u = 1 + , then du = dx.
When x = 1, u = ; when x = 4, u = 10.
62 62
Example 1 Solution
Therefore
contd
63 63
Arc Length
If a curve has the equation x = g(y), c s y s d, and g' (y) is
continuous, then by interchanging the roles of x and y in
Formula 2 or Equation 3, we obtain the following formula
for its length:




Arc Length formula:
64 64
Find the length of the curve from 1y9.
Example 2
) 3 (
3
1
= y y x
65 65
Example 2 -- solution
66 66
6.6
Area of a Surface of Revolution
67 67
Area of a Surface of Revolution
In this section we are going to
look once again at solids of
revolution.
We first looked at them
back the volume of the solid of
revolution. In this section we want
to find the surface area of this
region.
68 68
Area of a Surface of Revolution
If y
i
= f(x
i
), then the point P
i
(x
i
, y
i
)
lies on the curve.

The part of the surface between
x
i1
and x
i
is approximated by
taking the line segment P
i1
P
i

and rotating it about the x-axis.
The result is a band with
slant height l = | P
i1
P
i
|
and average radius r = (y
i1
+ y
i
).

So, its surface area is:
1
1
2 | |
2
i i
i i
y y
P P t

+
69 69
| |
2
1
1 '( *)
i i
P P f x x

= + A
where x
i
* is some number in [x
i1
, x
i
].

From the previous section on arc length:
When x is small, we have y
i
= f(x
i
) f(x
i
*) and y
i1
= f(x
i1
) f(x
i
*), since f
is continuous.

Therefore,


2
* *
1
1
2 2 ( ) 1 '( )
2
i i
i i i i
y y
P P f x f x x t t

+
(
~ + A

70 70
SURFACE AREA
Thus, an approximation to what we think of as the area of the complete
surface of revolution is:




The approximation appears to become better as n .






2
* *
1
2 ( ) 1 '( )
n
i i
i
f x f x x t
=
( + A

| |
2
* *
1
2
lim 2 ( ) 1 '( )
2 ( ) 1 '( )
t
t

=
( + A

= +

}
n
i i
n
i
b
a
f x f x x
f x f x dx
71 71
72 72
Example 1
The curve y = , 1 s x s 1, is an arc of the circle
x
2
+ y
2
= 4.

Find the area of the surface
obtained by rotating this arc
about the x-axis. (The surface is
a portion of a sphere of radius 2.
See Figure 6.)
Figure 6
73 73
Example 1 Solution
We have



and so, by Formula 5, the surface area is
74 74
Example 1 Solution



= 4t 1 dx

= 4t (2)

= 8t
contd
75 75
SURFACE AREA
The arc of the parabola y = x
2
from (1, 1)
to (2, 4) is rotated about the y-axis.

Find the area of
the resulting surface.
Example 2
76 76
SURFACE AREA
Using y = x
2
and dy/dx = 2x,

2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 1
2 1 4
t
t
t
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +
}
}
}
S x ds
dy
x dx
dx
x x dx
E. g. 2Solution 1
Substituting u = 1 + 4x
2
, we have du = 8x dx.
Remembering to change the limits of
integration, we have:
17 17
3 2
2
3
5 5
4 4
(17 17 5 5)
6
t t
t
( = =

=
}
S u du u
77 77
SURFACE AREA
Using x = and dx/dy = ,

we have the following solution.
y
E. g. 2Solution 2
1
2 y
2
4
1
4
1
4
1
17
5
(where 1 4 )
2 2 1
1
2 1
4
4 1
4
(17 17 5 5)
6
u y
dx
S xds x dy
dy
y dy
y
y dy
udu
t t
t
t
t
t
= +
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= +
= +
=
=
} }
}
}
}