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Log-Interpretation
Contents
1. Introduction 2. Lithology 3. Porosity 4. Water Saturation 5. Permeability 6. Hydrocarbon Type and Pay Counting
Introduction
The basic log analysis:
Identification of porous and permeable reservoir rocks Porosity estimation Water saturation calculation Differentiation between oil and gas bearing sections
Signal Excited
TOOLs
Different Logs
Physics Fields
Many sorts, much data High Vertical and bad horizontal Resolution Badly affected by hole Need integration with other information
Track 1: Vsh, K Track 2: e , Vf in pore space. Track 3: Sw Track 4: lithology, pore space.
Lithology
The first step of log analysis is to determine the Lithology profile (and mineral content analysis). By Lithology identification, the log analysts can concentrate on the sections containing potential reservoir rock.
Reservoir Rocks
Low GR Good SP development Relative separation of resistivity curves
Non-Reservoir Rocks
High GR Flat SP Resistivity curves stack
Porosity
The porosity of a formation is defined as the volume of the pore space divided by the volume of the rock containing the pore space. This definition ignores the question of whether or not the pores are interconnected.
Measurement of Porosity
Porosity may be measured by a variety of methods including: Wireline logging Core analysis; You should not be surprised when porosity estimates from different techniques do not agree.
Water Saturation-Sw
Water saturation is defined as the volume fraction of the pore space occupied by water (see following figure).
Two phases:
1=So+Sw Three phases: 1=Sg+So+Sw
Permeability (K)
Permeability is a measure of how easily fluids can flow through a formation. While porosity is a static property of a rock, permeability is a dynamic one. If flow is laminar then Darcys relation can be used to define K in terms of flow rate (Q), area (A), length (L), Pressure differential (P), and fluid viscosity () such that: k=(QL)/(PA)
Measurement of Permeability
There are many ways to estimate permeability, including:
One relies upon empirical correlations between porosity and irreducible water saturation
Pressure buildup from DST Pressure draw-down and buildup from FMT Log analysis Core analysis
Hydrocarbon Type:
To distinguish between oil and gas, neutrondensity log leave its fingerprint on the neutron/density overlay (see the plot on next page).
Pay Counting:
Not all of pay section will produce hydrocarbons. There are low porosity shale streaks which have no permeability, and there are sections at the base of the interval that will produce water.
V1 V2 V3
Porosity Calculation
1. By sonic: S =
(ma b ) Vsh(ma sh) 2. By density: D = ma b 3. By neutron: N , use directly or need lithology correcting. 4. By 3-porosity crossplot, which can also generate Lithology Profile. (As shown in last page) 5. By core analysis,, MRIL or other methods.
Porosity( )
Resistivit y
I Rt R0 b S
n w
ab nS =( Rw
w
F R0 Rw a m
m Rt
So = 1 -- Sw
Other transforms
Other transforms
Saturation
Permeability
Softwares
Geological Problems:
- Petroleum Geology - Petroleum Engineering
- Basic Geology