Chemistry 20 – Unit 2 – Gases

Lesson 1: Introduction

By the end of this Unit you will be able to:

– explain molecular behaviour, using models of the gaseous state of
matter.
By the end of this Lesson you will be able to:
– express pressure in a variety of ways, including units of
kilopascals, atmospheres and millimetres of mercury.
20–B1.4k
– perform calculations, based on the gas laws, under STP, SATP and
other defined conditions.
20–B1.4k
– explain that the goal of science is knowledge about
the natural world
20–B1.2sts
 Chemistry 20 – Unit 2 – Gases

- The three states of matter include solid, liquid and gas.

- The states of matter can be differentiated by the following:

State Characteristics
Solids Definite shape and definite volume
Liquids Varied shape and definite volume
Gases Varied shape and varied volume

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Gases in the Atmosphere
- Gases in our atmosphere perform a major function in sustaining life on
our planet. The atmosphere is needed for:
- breathing and cellular respiration
- C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
- photosynthesis in plants
- 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) → C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)
- protection from harmful solar radiation such as
ultraviolet light (UV rays)
- transmission of heat and water vapour throughout the earth

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Composition of Gases in the Atmosphere
Percentage By
Gas
Volume
nitrogen ( N2(g) ) 78.1
oxygen ( O2(g) ) 20.9
argon ( Ar(g) ) 0.93
carbon dioxide ( CO2(g) ) 0.03
neon ( Ne(g) ) 0.002
helium ( He(g) ) 0.0005
krypton ( Kr(g) ), xenon ( Xe(g) ),
trace amounts
methane ( CH4(g) ), hydrogen ( H2(g) )
nitrogen oxides ( NO2(g), NO3(g) ) trace amounts
sulfur oxides ( SO2(g), SO3(g) ) trace amounts
water vapour trace amounts
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- Although nitrogen and oxygen gases make up about 99 % of our
atmosphere, other gases are a source of pollution. For example:
- SO2(g) and SO3(g) are called sulfur oxides and contribute to acid rain.
- SO2(g) + H2O(g) → H2SO3(aq) sulfurous acid
- NO(g) and NO2(g) are called nitrogen oxides and contribute to
acid rain.
- NO(g) + H2O(g) → HNO2(aq) nitrous acid
- CO(g) is given off in incomplete hydrocarbon combustion reactions.

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Properties of Gases
- Under normal conditions, over 99.9 % of the total volume of a gas is
empty space, therefore gases can be easily compressed.
- Because gas particles or molecules move continuously in a straight
line until they hit another object, they spontaneously fill the entire
space available. This process can be termed diffusion.
- When gas particles collide, no energy is lost so their collisions are
said to be elastic.
- The higher the temperature of a gas, the more kinetic energy it
has and therefore the faster it can move.

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Gas Pressure
- Pressure is defined as a force exerted on an area.
- A force is a push or pull and is measured in newtons (N).
- Area is measured in square metres (m2).
- Pr essure = Force
Area
= N2 = 1 Pa ( pascal )
m

- When gas particles hit a wall or obstacle, they collectively exert

a force (push) on that surface.
- If the force is great enough the surface gives way, such as in a
balloon, when air forces the material to expand.
- If the surface does not give way, say as in a canister, gas pressure
builds up.
- At sea level, it has been determined that the average pressure of the
atmosphere is 101.325 kPa. This value is known as standard
pressure or 1.0 atmosphere.

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- Atmospheric pressure is measured by a barometer.
- The barometer was invented by Evangelista Torrecelli. He created
a barometer utilizing liquid mercury in a long, inverted glass tube
(test tube) placed in a pan of mercury.
- The height of the mercury would rise or fall depending on the
atmospheric pressure changes. If the pressure dropped, the level
of mercury would go down.
- The average air pressure at sea level is 101.325 kPa, which means that
the height of the mercury would be 760 mm, also known as 760 torr.
- Therefore: 101.325 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 1 atm

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Mercury Barometer

760 mm of Hg is
1.0 atmosphere of
pressure

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Conversions
1) 99.0 kPa = _________ mm Hg
 760 mm Hg 
99.0 kPa ×   = 743 mm Hg
 101.325 kPa 
2) 700 mm Hg = ___________ kPa
101.324 kPa
700 mm Hg × = 93.3 kPa
760 mm Hg
3) 720 mm Hg = ____________ atm
1.0 atm
720 mm Hg × = 0.947 atm
760 mm Hg
4) 1.43 atm = _____________ kPa

101.325 kPa
1.43 atm × = 145 kPa
1 atm
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The Aneroid Barometer
- Because the mercury barometer has its disadvantages to its portability
an aneroid barometer was developed.
- This barometer has a vacuum canister that expands or contracts as
the pressure changes.
- The change in the shape of the canister causes a needle to move
along a scale that reads the pressure.
- Very sensitive barometers measure altitude and are called altimeters.

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The Four Gas Law Variables:
Volume, Temperature, Pressure and Moles

Volume
- All gases must be enclosed in a container.
- The three-dimensional space enclosed by the container walls is
called volume ( V ).
- Volume in chemistry is usually measured in litres ( L ) or
millilitres ( mL ). A litre is also called a cubic decimetre ( dm3 ).
- A volume of 1 mL = 1 cm3.

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Temperature
- All gases have a temperature, usually measured in degrees Celsius ( °C ),
named after Anders Celsius. When the generalized variable of
temperature is discussed, the symbol T is used.
- There is another temperature scale that is very important in gas
behavior. It is called the Kelvin scale ( K ). Note that K does not have
a degree sign and Kelvin is capitalized because this was a person's
title (Lord Kelvin, his given name was William Thomson).
- All gas law problems must be done in Kelvin temperatures.
- Standard Temperature is defined as 0 ° C or 273.15 K.

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Pressure
- The molecules of gas hitting the walls of the container create
gas pressure ( P ).
- There are three different units of pressure used in chemistry:
1. atmospheres ( atm )
2. millimetres of mercury ( mm Hg )
3. pascals ( Pa ) or kilopascals ( kPa )
- Standard Pressure is defined as one atm or 760.0 mm Hg or
101.325 kPa.
- Standard Temperature and Pressure is abbreviated to STP.
Amount of Gas
- The amount of gas present is measured in moles ( mol ) or in
grams ( g ) .

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Boyle’s Law
- Robert Boyle investigated the relationship between pressure and
volume in gases, while keeping the temperature constant.
- Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a quantity of gas, at a specific
temperature, is inversely proportional to the pressure applied to the gas.
- This means that if the volume of a gas increases the pressure
decreases.
- For example, if you had a syringe filled with air, there would be a
certain amount of pressure inside the syringe. If you compressed the
plunger, the volume of the gas would decrease, but the air pressure
inside the cylinder would increase.
- Mathematically, volume is inversely proportional to pressure
or
1
Vα
P
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- A relationship such as this can be shown to have a constant, k.
PV = k
- Inserting values, we can plot the inverse relationship between gas
pressure and volume.

Pressure
(kPa)

Volume (L)
- As the volume approaches an infinitely small value, gas pressure
reaches an infinitely large value.
- We can never get to zero volume nor zero pressure.
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aboyle.html
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Boyle’s Law Problems
Using Boyle’s Law, we can calculate the final volume or pressure of
a gas, given initial volume and pressure.

1. A container has a volume of 10.0 L and the gas inside exerts a

pressure of 75.0 kPa. If the volume of the container was changed to
2.00 L and the temperature was kept the same, calculate the new
pressure exerted by the gas in the container.
kin the first container = kin the sec ond container
k1 = k2
P1V1 = P2V2
( 75.0 kPa ) ( 10.0 L) = ( P2 ) ( 2.00 L)
( 75.0 kPa ) ( 10.0 L) = P
( 2.00 L) 2

375 kPa = P2
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2. A syringe’s plunger is withdrawn, changing the volume of the gas from
35.75 cm3 to 83.90 cm3. If the final pressure is calculated to be
57.4 kPa what was the initial pressure of the gas, assuming that the
temperature had not changed.

kin the first container = kin the sec ond container

k1 = k2
P1V1 = P2V2
( P1 ) ( 35.75 cm 3 ) = ( 57.4 kPa ) ( 83.90 cm 3 )
( 57.4 kPa ) ( 83.90 cm 3 )
P1 =
( 35.75 cm ) 3

P1 = 135 kPa

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Charles’ Law
- J.A. Charles formulated a relationship between gas volume and the
temperature, while keeping the pressure constant.
- He stated that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the
temperature of the gas, assuming the pressure remains constant.
- This means that as the volume of a gas decreases or gets smaller, the
temperature of the gas also gets smaller.
- For example, if you blow up a balloon to a certain volume at room
temperature and then expose the balloon to cold winter
temperatures, the balloon's volume will decrease, just as the
temperature had decreased.

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 - Mathematically, volume is directly proportional to temperature
or
Vα T
V
- A relationship such as this can be shown to have a constant, k. =k
T
- Inserting values, we can plot the direct relationship between gas
volume and temperature.
- As the volume approaches an
infinitely small value, temperature,
which is measured in Kelvins,
Temperature reaches an infinitely small value.
(K)
- We can never get to zero volume
nor zero temperature.

Volume (L)

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- A Kelvin degree is just another way of measuring temperature and is
used in chemistry and physics for very low temperatures.

- The lowest possible temperature is at a point where no kinetic energy

exists and therefore no molecular movement exists.
- This temperature is known to be at zero Kelvin (0 K) and is called
absolute zero. ( Note: this is not written 0° K )
- Absolute zero is at –273.15 °C, therefore to measure the temperature
in degrees Kelvin we use the formula: K = ° C + 273.15
-To calculate the temperature in °C we use the formula:
° C = K – 273.15

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 100 ° C 373.15 K Boiling Point of Water

0° C 273.15 K Freezing Point of Water

– 273.15 ° C 0K Absolute Zero

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Temperature Conversions
Converting Kelvin to Celsius
25.0 °C = __________ K 25.0 K = ___________ °C

K = °C + 273.15 °C = K − 273.15
K = 25.0 + 273.15 °C = 25.0 − 273.15

K = 298.2 K °C = −248.2 °C
for significant digits apply adding rule

- Note: For all gas problems that involve temperatures the unit must
be in Kelvins.

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Charles’ Law Problems

1. A certain gas occupies a volume of 35.5 L at a standard

temperature of 0.00 °C. What volume will it occupy at 63.78 °C?
V1 = 35.5 L
Given
T1 = 0.00 °C or 273.15 K
Information V2 = ?
T2 = 63.78 °C or 336.93 K
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
35.5 L V2
=
273.15 K 336.93 K
( 35.5 L) ( 336.93 K ) = V
( 273.15 K ) 2

43.8 L = V2
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2. A gas has a temperature of 67.4 °C when it is at a volume of 864 L.
What will be its temperature if the volume is condensed to 10.0 L?
V1 = 864 L
Given
T1 = 67.4 °C or 340.6 K
Information V2 = 10.0 L
T2 = ?

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
864 L 10.0 L
=
340.6 K T2

T2 =
( 10.0 L ) ( 340.6 K )
( 864 L)
T2 = 3.94 K

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Gay-Lussac’s Law

- Gives the relationship between pressure and temperature when

volume and amount are held constant.

- If the temperature of a container is increased, the pressure increases.

- The mathematical form of Gay-Lussac's Law is:

P1 P2
=
T1 T2

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Problems
1. 10.0 L of a gas is found to exert 97.0 kPa at 25.0 °C. What would
be the required temperature (in Celsius) to change the pressure to
standard pressure? V = 10.0 L V = 10.0 L
1 2

P1 = 97.0 kPa PP22 == 101.325 kPa

P1 P2
= T1 = 25.0 °C T2 = ? °C
T1 T2
( 97.0 kPa ) = ( 101.325 kPa )
( 298.2 K ) T2

T2 =
( 101.325 kPa )( 298.2 K )
( 97.0 kPa )
T2 = 311 K
T2 = 311 K − 273.15 °C
T2 = 38 °C

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2. 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 22.0 °C and 745.0 mm Hg. When the
temperature is changed to standard, what is the new pressure?
V11 == 5.00 L
V V2 = 5.00 L
TT11 == 22.0 °C TT22 == 273.15 K
PP11 == 745.0 mm Hg P22 == ?
P
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
( 745.0 mm Hg ) = ( P2 )
( 295.2 K ) ( 273.15 K )
( 745.0 mm Hg )( 273.15 K ) = P
( 295.2 K ) 2

689 mm Hg = P2

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Avogadro's Law
- Gives the relationship between volume and amount when pressure
and temperature are held constant. Amount is measured in moles.
- If the amount of gas in a container is increased, the volume increases.
- Suppose the amount is increased. This means there are more gas
molecules and this will increase the number of impacts on the
container walls. This means the gas pressure inside the container will
increase, becoming greater than the pressure on the outside of the
walls. This causes the walls to move outward. Since there is more
wall space the impacts will lessen and the pressure will return to its
original value.
V1 V2
- The mathematical form of Avogadro's Law is: =
n1 n2
- This means that the volume-amount fraction will always be the same
value if the pressure and temperature remain constant.

*
Problem: 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the amount
of gas is increased to 1.80 mol, what new volume will result
(at an unchanged temperature and pressure)?

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

( 5.00 L) =
V2
( 0.965 mol ) ( 1.80 mol )
( 5.00 L)( 1.80 mol ) = V
( 0.965 mol ) 2

9.33 L = V2

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Combined Gas Law
To derive the Combined Gas Law, do the following:
Step 1: Write Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Step 2: Multiply by Charles Law: V1 V2
P1V1 × = P2V2 ×
T1 T2
P1V12 P2V22
=
T1 T2
Step 3: Multiply by Gay-Lussac's Law: P1 P1V12 P2 P2V22
× = ×
T1 T1 T2 T2
P12V12 P22V22
2
=
T1 T22
P1V1 P2V2
Step 4: Take the square root to get the =
combined gas law: T1 T2

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Problems

1. 2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25.0°C and 745.0 mm Hg. What is the

volume at STP?
PP11 == 745.0 mm Hg P2 = 760 mm Hg
V11 == 2.00 L
V V2 = ?
TT11 == 298.2 K TT22 == 273.15 K
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
( 745.0 mm Hg )( 2.00 L) = ( 760 mm Hg )( V2 )
( 298.2 K ) ( 273.15 K )
( 745.0 mm Hg )( 2.00 L)( 273.15 K ) = V
( 298.2 K )( 760 mm Hg ) 2

1.80 L = V2

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2. A container is reduced to a volume of 125 cm3 when a temperature of
–75.00 °C is reached. If the pressure changes from 1.20 atm to
852 torr and the initial temperature was 20.00 °C, calculate the initial
volume.
P11 = 1.20 atm PP22 == 852 torr
V1 = ? V22 = 125 cm 3
T11 = 20.00 °C TT22 == −75.00 °C
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
( 912 torr )(V1 ) ( 852 torr ) ( 125 cm 3 )
=
( 293.15 K ) ( 198.15 K )
( 852 torr ) ( 125 cm 3 ) ( 293.15 K )
V1 =
( 198.15 K )( 912 torr )
V1 = 173 cm 3

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Molar Volume
- The molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of ideal gas
at STP or SATP (RTP).
- It is the volume of ANY ideal gas at Standard Temperature and
Pressure (STP) or Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure
(SATP or RTP).
- Its value is:
L
STP : 22.4 : T = 0 ° C and P = 1 atm
mol

L
SATP ( RTP ) : 24.8 : T = 25 °C and P = 1 atm
mol

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Example #1: You have 2.00 L of dry H2 at STP.
a) How many moles is this?
b) What is the mass of the hydrogen gas?
Solution:
a) If 22.4 L of gas equals 1 mol of gas, we can set up a simple ratio:
22.4 L 2.00 L
=
1 mol x mol
22.4 x = 2.00
x = 0.0893 mol
b) m = nM
 g 
m = ( 0.0893 mol )  2.02 
 mol 
m = 0.180 g

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Example #2: 0.250 mol of HCl(g) will occupy how many litres at STP?
Solution:
22.4 L xL
=
1 mol 0.250 mol
x = 5.60 L
Example #3: What is the molar volume at 576 K?
Solution: Since 576 K is not a standard temperature, we must
create a ratio to find the new volume.
 L   L 
 22.4  x 
 mol   mol 
=
273.15 K 576 K
12902.4 = 273.15 x
L
47.2 =x
mol
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Ideal Gas Law
- We can combine all gas laws into one convenient expression:
PV = nRT
where P = pressure in kPa
V = volume in L
n = moles of gas
T = temperature in K
R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 kPa⋅ L⋅ mol –1⋅ K –1
or
 kPa ⋅ L 
 8.314 
 mol ⋅ K 

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Example #1: What mass of hydrogen gas can be produced if the gas
occupies a volume of 50.0 mL at 20.00 °C and 94.5 kPa?

Given Information:
m= ?
V = 50.0 mL or 0.0500 L
T= 20.00 ° C or 293.15 K
P= 94.5 kPa

To solve for mass we need the formula:

m = nM

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Since number of moles is unknown, we need to use the given information
to solve for moles.
PV = nRT
PV
n=
RT

n=
( 94.5 kPa ) ( 0.0500 L)
 kPa ⋅ L 
 8 . 314  ( 293.15 K )
 mol ⋅ K 
n = 1.94 x 10 − 3 mol
Now, calculate for mass:
m = nM
 g 
m = ( 1.94 x 10 − 3 mol )  2.02 
 mol 
m = 0.00392 g
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Example #2: A balloon has a volume of 10 000 L at 100 kPa and
20.00 °C. If one was to fill this balloon with helium, how
many moles of helium would be required?
Given: V = 10 000 L
P= 100 kPa
T= 20.00 ° C or 293.15 K
n= ?
PV = nRT
PV
n=
RT

n=
( 100 kPa ) ( 10000 L)
 kPa ⋅ L 
 8.314  ( 293.15 K )
 mol ⋅ K 
n = 410 mol

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Example #3: A storage tank contains 2.65 kg of methane gas at
735.2 kPa and 25.00 °C. What is the tank’s volume?
Given: m = 2.65 kg or 2.65 x 10 3 g
P = 735.2 kPa
T = 25.00 ° C or 298.15 K
V= ?

m PV = nRT
n=
M nRT
V=
n=
( 2.65 × 10 3 g ) P
 g   kPa ⋅ L 


16.05
mol


( 165 mol )  8.314  ( 298.15 K )
 mol ⋅ K 
V=
n = 165 mol ( 735.2 kPa )
V = 557 L

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Example #4: If 38.5 g of nitrogen gas is found in a container with a
volume of 15.27 L and 1.19 atm, what is the temperature
in degrees Celsius?
Given: m= 38.5 g
V= 15.27 L
P= 1.19 atm or 121 kPa
T= ?

m PV = nRT
n=
M
PV
T=
n=
( 38.5 g ) nR

28.02
g 
T=
( 121 kPa ) ( 15.27 L )
 
 mol 
( 1.37 mol )  8.314 kPa ⋅ L 
n = 1.37 mol  mol ⋅ K 
T = 161 K
T = −112 °C
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
- John Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that the total pressure
exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of
each gas in the container.
Ptotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2 + Pgas 3 + etc

Example: A container has Gas A at a pressure of 1.25 atm, Gas B at a

pressure of 102 kPa and Gas C at a pressure of 720 mm Hg.
What is the total pressure, in kPa, inside the container?

Ptotal = PGas A + PGas B + PGas C

Ptotal = 127 kPa + 102 kPa + 96.0 kPa

Ptotal = 325 kPa

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Example: The total pressure inside a container is 140 kPa. If 7 molecules
of Gas A, 2 molecules of Gas B and 1 molecule of Gas C exist,
calculate the pressure exerted by each gas.

Total molecules = 10 molecules

Gas A: 7 molecules or 70 %
Gas B: 2 molecules or 20 %
Gas C: 1 molecule or 10 %

Gas A: 70 % of 140 kPa = 98.0 kPa

Gas B: 20 % of 140 kPa = 28.0 kPa
Gas C: 10 % of 140 kPa = 14.0 kPa

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Ideal Gases vs Real Gases

- We have assumed that all gases obey the Ideal Gas Law ( PV = nRT ).

- In an “Ideal” gas, molecules have no volume and no intermolecular

forces. This assumption must be made in order to make the Ideal Gas
Law formula work in all cases.
- While the Ideal Gas Law does a very good job of predicting gas
behavior, it's not perfect.

- Real gases differ in two major ways from an ideal gas

1) Particles in a real gas have volume.

2) Particles in a real gas attract each other, especially when they

are condensed.

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Summary

Temperature Pressure Molar

Volume

101.325 kPa
1.0 atm L
STP 273.15 K 22.4
760 mm Hg mol
760 torr

L
24.8
SATP 298.15 K 100 kPa mol

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- Boyle's Law: - Combined Gas Law:
P1V1 P2V2
P1V1 = P2V2 =
T1 T2
- Charles’ Law: - Ideal Gas Law:
V1 V2
= PV = nRT
T1 T2
- Gay-Lussac’s Law: L ⋅ kPa
P1 P2 - R = 8.314
= mol ⋅ K
T1 T2
- Avogadro's Law: - Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure:
V1 V2
= Ptotal = Pgas 1 + Pgas 2 + Pgas 3 + etc
n1 n2

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Gas Law Stoichiometry

- In our stoichiometry unit, we looked at four different types of questions:

Mole to Mole to Mass to Mass to

Mole Mass Mole Mass

Given – Given – Given – Given –

moles moles Mass mass
Required - Required - Required - Required -
moles mass moles mass

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- To solve these questions, we look at our given information, looked at
our required information and then decided on the steps to take:

MASS of MASS of
GIVEN ? REQUIRED

mG
nG = m R = nR M R
MG

Moles of Moles of
given required
nG nR

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- Now, we are going to include volume to stoichiometry questions.
We use the Ideal Gas Law to do this:
MASS of MASS of
GIVEN REQUIRED
?

mG
nG =
MG m R = nR M R

Moles of given Moles of

nG required
nR
VR P nR RT
nR = VR =
RT P

VOLUME of VOLUME of
GIVEN REQUIRED

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Problems

1. What volume of CO2(g) is produced at 94.5 kPa and 115.5 °C in the

exhaust of a car if 100 g of gasoline (C8H18(g)) are burned?
V= ?
P = 94.5 kPA
T = 115.5º C or 388.7 K
mC8 H18 ( l ) = 100 g

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 2 C8 H 18 ( l ) + 25 O2 ( g ) → 16 CO2 ( g ) + 18 H 2O( g )

m = 100 g
m
n= 16
M nCO2 = 0.875 mol ×
2
n=
( 100 g ) nCO2 = 7.00 mol
 114.26 g 
 
 mol  V =?
n = 0.875 mol nRT
V=
P

V=
( 7.00 mol ) ( 8.314 mol ⋅ K ) ( 388.7 K )
kPa⋅ L

( 94.5 kPa )
V = 239 L

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2. How many moles of sodium must react with H2O(l) to produce
250 mL of H2(g) at 23.6 °C and 102.6 kPa?

2 Na(s) + 2 HOH(l) → H2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq)

n=? V = 0.250 L
T = 23.6° C or 296.8 K
P = 102.6 kPa

2 PV
nNa( s ) = 0.0104 mol × nH 2 =
1 RT
nH 2 =
( 102.6 kPa ) ( 0.250 L)
nNa( s ) = 0.0208 mol ( 8.314 mol ⋅ K ) ( 296.8 K )
kPa⋅ L

nH 2 = 0.0104 mol

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3. If 17.8 L of hydrogen, at 22.5 °C and 21.4 kPa, react with nitrogen
to produce 22.7 L of ammonia at 33.9 kPa, what’s the temperature
of the ammonia (in °C)?

3 H2(g) + N2(g) → 2 NH3(g)

V = 17.8 L V = 22.7 L
T = 22.5 ° C or 295.7 K P = 33.9 kPa
P = 21.4 kPa T=?° C

PV 2
nH 2 = nNH 3 = 0.155 mol ×
RT 3
nNH 3 = 0.103 mol
nH 2 =
( 21.4 kPa ) ( 17.8 L )
( 8.314 ) ( 295.7 K )
kPa⋅ L
mol ⋅ K TNH 3 =
PV
=
( 33.9 kPa ) ( 22.7 L )
nR ( 0.103 mol ) ( 8.314 mol ⋅K )
kPa⋅ L

nH 2 = 0.155 mol
TNH 3 = 896 K or 623 °C
*
 4. What volume of carbon monoxide gas could be produced at STP by
the incomplete combustion of 50.0 kmol of coal (assume pure
carbon)?
2 C(s) + O2(g) → 2 CO(g)
nC = 50.0 kmol V=?
T = 273.15 K
P = 101.325 kPa

nRT 2
VCO( g ) = nCO( g ) = 50.0 kmol ×
P 2
VCO( g ) =
( 50.0 kmol ) ( 8.314 mol ⋅ K ) ( 273.15 K )
kPa⋅ L
nCO( g ) = 50.0 kmol
( 101.325 kPa )
VCO( g ) = 1120636 L

VCO( g ) = 1120.636 kL or 1.12 × 10 6 kL

VCO( g ) = 1.12 ML