Contents

What is sewer
Types of sewers on the basis of working Types of sewers on the basis of material used

Sewers
Under ground Conduit or drain
Conveyance of sewage Started from point of production of sewage Terminates at the point of disposal

Types of sewer
Sanitary sewer
Storm sewer Lateral sewer House sewer Branch sewer Main sewer Outfall sewer overflow sewer

Materials used for sewer

Asbestos cement
Plain or reinforced cement concrete Vitrified clay or stoneware Bricks Cast iron Steel Plastic

Selection of material
Hydraulic efficiency

Resistance to abrasion
Resistance to corrosion Strength

Durability
Cost Weight

Imperviousness

Asbestos cement sewer

Mixture of asbestos fibre, cement and silica

Asbestos fibre as a reinforcing material

Other constituents converts it into a dense

homogeneous material under pressure Diameter vary from 75mm to 500mm Length 3 to 4 m Used only as verticals

Asbestos cement
Advantages Considerable strength against internal pressure Easy handling Easy cutting and joining Resistive to salts and other corrosive materials Relatively smooth Disadvantages Brittle and need careful handling Low structural strength Susceptible to sulphide corrosion

P.C.C. & R.C.C. sewers

P.C.C. pipes diameter vary from 80 mm to 450 mm

Thickness vary from 25 to 30 mm

For bigger diameters r.c.c. pipes are used Usual mix 1 : 1.5 : 3

Maximum size of aggregates limited to 6mm

Water cement ratio

varies b/w 0.5 to 0.7

P.C.C. & R.C.C. sewers

Advantages Strong under internal pressure as well as external pressure Can be made of any desired strength Easily manufactured even at the sight Used for main sewers and branch sewers Disadvantages Get easily corroded and pitted due to corrosive action of the contents of the sewers

Vitrified clay or stoneware sewers

Manufactured from clay and shales

Ingredients are taken in desired proportionate

Formed in pipe press at about 0.85 N/mm2 Vitrification achieved at 1200c

NaCl added to place the surface of pipe

Vitrified clay sewer

Advantages Highly resistant to sulphide corrosion Resistive to erosion Hydraulically efficient Highly imperious High compressive strength Cheap and easy availablity Disadvantages Weak in tension Brittle in nature Bulky and heavy

Brick sewers
Used since olden days Plastered from outside Purpose-made bricks are used Preferred for large sized Combined sewer Lined inside with stoneware or ceramic blocks Resistive against sulphide corrosion

Cast Iron Sewers

Can withstand in tensile, compression as well as bending

stresses Coated with paint or cement concrete Diameter from 150 mm to 750 mm Length up to 3-3.5 m High strength Costlier

Steel sewers
Light in weight
Perfectly impervious Can absorb vibrations and shock loads Used in high external and internal pressure Used for mains outfall and trunk sewers having large

diameters Corrosion resistive either due to heavy galvanization or bituminous coatings Easily welded Costlier comparison to others

Plastic sewers
Still in experimental stage

High hydraulic efficiency

Corrosion resistant Available in longer lengths

Easy joining and bending

Taken in use,in Netherlands,

Scandinavia, France etc. In India, recently started as domestic sewers

Reference..
http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/components/pipe_a

sb.html http://www.butkus.org/sewers/sewer_repair.htm http://www.inspectapedia.com/septic/SepticPumps.ht m http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer http://www.askmehelpdesk.com/plumbing/canreplace-part-cast-iron-sewer-stack-75877.html