Chapter 2 (Basic Laws)

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Contents

Kirchhoff's Law Series, parallel and series-parallel circuits Voltage and current division Introduction to Wye-Delta transformation

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Nodes, Branches and Loops

Branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

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Node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

The above circuit have 4 node.

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Loop is any closed path in a circuit.

The above circuit have 3 loops.

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Relationship between branches, nodes and loops. b=l+n1

b branches n - nodes l independent loops

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Kirchhoffs Law

Kirchhoff current law:

The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero

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Kirchhoff current law (KCL) states that the sum of currents entering a node is zero. Or, The sum of current entering a node = the sum of current leaving the node. Based on KCL we can write the current eq. for all node in a circuit. Ex.:
Ia Ib Ic

Ie

Id

Try to write down the current equation base on KCL

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Remember!!!

Sum current in = sum current out.(KCL).

Therefore: Ia + Ic = Ib+ Id + Ie + or Ia + Ic Ib Id Ie = 0
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Kirchhoffs Law

Kirchhoff voltage law:

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path, in a circuit equals zero

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Applying KVL around the loop

2 + V1 20V i

+ V2 -

Applying KVL around the loop gives -20 +V1 -V2 = 0

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Find the currents and voltages in the circuit

Applying Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Law V1=8i1, V2=3i2, V3=6i3 ----(1)
At node a KCL gives, i1-i2-i3 = 0 ----(2) Applying KVL gives, -30 + V1 + V2 = 0 -30 + 8i1 + 3i2= 0 i1= (30-3i2)/8 ----(3) -V2 + V3 = 0 V2 = V3 ---(4)

8
+ V1 -

i1
a

i3 i2
+ V3 -

+ V2 -

30V

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We express V1 and V2 in terms of i1 and i2 as equ (1), therefore equ (4) becomes 6i3 = 3i2, i3 = i2/2 ----(5) Substitute equ 3 and 5 into 2 gives (30-3i2)/8 i2 i2/2 = 0 i2 = 2 A So i1=3A, i3=1A, V1=24V, V2=6V, V3=6V
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Resistors in Series
A series circuit provides only one path for current between two points so that the current is the same through each series resistor.

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Current in a Series Circuit

The current is the same through all points in a series circuit. The current through each resistor in a series circuit is the same as the current through all the other resistors that are in series with it.

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Total Series Resistance

The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of the resistances of each individual series resistor.

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Series Resistance Formula

For any number of individual resistors connected in series, the total resistance is the sum of each of the individual values.

RT = R1 + R2 + R 3 + . . . + R n
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Voltage Sources in Series

When two or more voltage sources are in series, the total voltage is equal to the the algebraic sum (including polarities of the sources) of the individual source voltages.

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Power in a Series Circuit

The total amount of power in a series resistive circuit is equal to the sum of the powers in each resistor in series.

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pn
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Resistors in Parallel

Each current path is called a branch. A parallel circuit is one that has more than one branch.

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Voltage in Parallel Circuits

The voltage across any given branch of a parallel circuit is equal to the voltage across each of the other branches in parallel.

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Total Parallel Resistance

When resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance of the circuit decreases.

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Formula for Total Parallel Resistance

1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . + 1/Rn

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Notation for Parallel Resistors

To indicate 5 resistors, all in parallel, we would write:

R1||R2||R3||R4||R5

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Two Resistors in Parallel

The total resistance for two resistors in parallel is equal to the product of the two resistors divided by the sum of the two resistors.

RT = R1R2/(R1 + R2)
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Current Sources in Parallel

The total current produced by all current sources is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual current sources.

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Power in Parallel Circuits

Total power in a parallel circuit is found by adding up the powers of all the individual resistors.

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . + Pn

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6||3 = (6 x 3)/(6+3)= 2
Req

1 2 5

1+5=6 2 + 2 = 4 4 || 6 = 2.4 Req = 4 + 2.4 + 8 = 14.4

Req

6 8

4 2 2 8 6 Req

4 2.4 8

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Determine Req

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Find the equivalent resistance at terminal a-b for each networks

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Find the equivalent resistance at terminal a-b for each networks

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Find the equivalent resistance at terminal a-b for each networks

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Voltage-divider circuit
i R1 Vs R2

Vs = V1 + V2 = iR1 + iR2
+ V1 + V2 -

i = Vs / (R1 + R2)
V1 = iR1 = Vs [R1/ (R1+ R2)] V2 = iR2 = Vs [R2/ (R1+ R2)]
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Find Va
Va = [18/(18+9)]15 = 10V

9 15V 18 + Va -

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Find Va
12 15V 9 + Va -

6
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Current-divider circuit
is R1 i1 + V R2 -

V = i1R1 =i2R2 = [(R1*R2)/ (R1+R2)] is

i2
i1 = V/R1 = [R2/(R1 + R2)] is

i2 = V/R2 = [R1/(R1 + R2)] is

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Find i
i = [6 / (6+3)] 2 = 4/3 A
i 2A 3 6

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Find i

i 18 6A 12 9

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a)
b) c)

d)

Find the no-load value of V0 in circuit shown Find V0 when RL is 450K How much power is dissipated in the 30K resistor is the load terminals are accidentally shortcircuited? What is the maximum power dissipated in the 50K resistor.

30K 120V + 50K V0 RL

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Find the power dissipated in the 6 resistor

10A 16

1.6 4 6

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Determine V0 and i in the circuit shown

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2 Wye
1

2 Tee
3

2 Delta

2 Pi

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Delta to Wye Conversion

RbRc R1 Ra Rb Rc

Rc R1 R2 Rb R3 Ra

RcRa R2 Ra Rb Rc
RaRb R3 Ra Rb Rc

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Wye to Delta Conversion

R1R 2 R 2 R3 R3R1 Ra R1

Rc R1 R2 Rb R3 Ra

R1R2 R2 R3 R3R1 Rb R2

R1R2 R2 R3 R3R1 Rc R3

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Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown and use it to find i

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