WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND SLUDGE MANAGEMENT

WASTE WATER:
Waste water-used water containing pollutants and

not suitable for consumption. Typesdomestic waste water. Industrial waste water. Sewage- a liquid waste that originates from residential , industrial and other public places. Sewage composition: 99% of water 0.1% of solids Solids contains both organic and inorganic matter

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

Water results from the industrial processing

operations.
Composition varies from industry to industry. The biggest problem with the industrial waste water-

extreme variability in the composition and volume

But in domestic waste water , the pattern is

predictable.
If industrial effluents forms a part of sewage , it may

contain toxics like lead, arsenic , mercury etc

DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE WATER

Main constituent of waste water-carbon , hydrogen,

nitrogen, sulphur, fats , ureas etc.,

Most of the organic matter present in the water is

decomposed readily through combined chemical and biological actions.

Organic matter decomposed by bacteria under

biological action-biodegradable organic matter.

 Types of biological decomposition

aerobic decomposition anaerobic decomposition/putrefaction Aerobic decomposition-decomposition of biodegradable organic matter by the dissolved oxygen in the waste water. The unstable organic matter is converted into stable due to the action of aerobic and facultative bacteria. Aerobic decomposition takes place in two stages oxidation of cabonaceous matter oxidation of nitrogenous matter

 If oxygen is not available, the aerobic bacterial cells

die for the want of energy.

Treatment units which works on aerobic

decomposition Aeration tanks trickling filters Oxidation ponds Oxidation ditches Contact beds

ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION
When the free dissolved oxygen is exhausted ,

anaerobic decomposition begins.

Carried out by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of

free dissolved oxygen and light.

In anaerobic decomposition , hydrolysis takes place. The end products formed are methane , hydrogen ,

nitrogen, ammonia.

NEED OF ANALYSIS OF WASTE WATER

To evaluate the quality. To determine the pollutional strength. To decide the type of treatment units. Checking the operational efficiency of various treatments

employed.
To make the waste management effective and economical. To prevent the pollution of natural water bodies and land.

WHY WASTE WATER TREATMENT?

The waste elements of waste water are acted upon by

natural agencies of purification-like air, sunlight , bacteria , micro organisms.

When the waste water to be disposed of is large in

quantity and strong in character , then this purification may not be sufficient.
This situation can be avoided by advanced water

treatment plants for satisfactory disposal.

CLASSIFICATION OF TREATMENT PROCESS

Preliminary treatment Primary treatment Secondary or biological treatment Tertiary or final treatment

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Carried out for the removal of floating materials(leaves ,

paper , wood etc),the heavy settleable inorganic solids(sand, grit) and fats and greases from waste water.
Reduces the BOD about 15 to 30 %

Reduces the solids about 20 to 40 %

Reduces the bacterial load to about 10 to 20%. Processes used in preliminary treatment screening ,grit

chamber and skimming tanks.

PRIMARY TREATMENT
Carried out for the removal of large suspended

organic solids present in the waste water.

Reduces

BOD to about 30 to 35%. solids to about 40 to 60%. The bacterial load to about 20 to 75%. Primary treatment is usually accomplished by sedimentation. Sometimes, primary and preliminary treatment ,together are classified under primary treatment.

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Carried out for the removal of fine suspended and

dissolved organic matter present in the effluent from primary treatment unit.
Techniques used- precipitation and settling out. Bacteria and other micro organisms decompose the

fine organic matter to produce a clear effluent.

Decomposition is carried out under both aerobic and

anaerobic condition.

 Secondary or biological unit which uses aerobic

bacteria for decomposition aerobic biological unit Eg : filters ,aeration tanks , oxidation ponds , oxidation ditches. Secondary or biological unit which uses anaerobic bacteria for decomposition-anaerobic biological unit. Septic tanks , anaerobic lagoons , imhoff tanks. Reduces the BOD to 70 to 95% solids to about 70 to 92% bacterial load to about 80 to 98%

 The skimmings and organic solids separated out in

primary and secondary sedimentation tanks , will be disposed off under anaerobic condition in the sludge digestion tank.
Gases produced have high calorific values and

utilised for heating, power production etc.

The material left behind is used as a manure or soil

builder.

TERTIARY TREATMENT
Also called as advanced treatment. Effluent from the secondary unit is still unsafe. Carried out by chlorination(disinfection) It is not carried out for the disposal of sewage in water

bodies.
Sewage treatment is confined upto secondary

treatment only.

SLUDGE MANAGEMENT
Sources - Coarse primary solids and secondary

biosolids accumulated in a wastewater treatment process.

This must be treated and disposed in effective

manner.
The most common treatment options include

anaerobic digestion aerobic digestion composting

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Bacterial process carried out in the absence of oxygen. Thermophilic digestion-sludge is fermented in tanks at a

temperature of 55C. Mesophilic digestion take place at a temperature of around 36C. Thermophilic digestion is more expensive in terms of energy consumption for heating the sludge. Anaerobic digestion generates biogas with a high proportion of methane that may be used to both heat the tank and run engines or microturbines for other on-site processes. In large treatment plants sufficient energy can be generated in this way to produce more electricity than the machines require. The methane generation - a key advantage of the anaerobic process. Disadvantage is the long time required for the process (up to 30 days) and the high capital cost.

composting
Composting is also an aerobic process that involves

mixing the wastewater solids with sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw or wood chips. In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the wastewater solids and the added carbon source and, in doing so, produce a large amount of heat. Both anaerobic and aerobic digestion processes can result in the destruction of disease-causing microorganisms and parasites to a sufficient level. The largest composting site in the world that also processes sewage is the Edmonton Composting Facility , in Edmonton, Canada.

 When a liquid sludge is produced, further

treatment may be required to make it suitable for final disposal. In South Australia, after centrifugation, the sludge is then completely dried by sunlight. The nutrient rich biosolids are then provided to farmers free-of-charge to use as a natural fertilizer. In the very large metropolitan areas of southern California inland communities return sewage sludge to the sewer system of communities at lower elevations to be reprocessed at a few very large treatment plants on the Pacific coast.

Activated Sludge process:

Activated sludge is a process for

treating sewage and industrial waste water using air and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoans. In a sewage (or industrial wastewater) treatment plant, the activated sludge process can be used for one or several of the following purposes:
oxidizing carbonaceous matter: biological matter. oxidizing nitrogeneous matter:

mainly ammonium and nitrogen in biological materials. removing phosphate. driving off entrained gases carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen, etc. generating a biological floc that is easy to settle. generating a liquor that is low in dissolved or suspended material.

The process involves air or oxygen being introduced into a mixture of primary treated or screened sewage or industrial wastewater (called wastewater from now on) combined with organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage

Distillation:
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based

on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction. Carbon Filtering: filtering that uses a piece of activated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities, utilizing chemical adsorption. Dark Fermentation: Dark fermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen. It is a complex process manifested by diverse group of bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Dark fermentation differs from photofermentation because it proceeds without the presence of light.

Electrocoagulation Electricity-based electrocoagulation technology removes contaminants that are impossible to be removed by filtration or chemical treatment systems, such as emulsified oil, TPH, suspended solids, and heavy metals. Sedimentation: Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration or electromagnetism.

Done by:
C.Deepak Chandran-09L107
R.Ranjith-09L135 P.L.Subbu Ganesh-09L148 C.Sujeeth Kumar-09L149 R.S.Vigneshwaran-09L156 B.Amudha-10L401 A.Suganya-10L408