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Inflation
Economics
What is Inflation?
The general upward movement in the average level of prices of the goods and services in an economy
What is Deflation?
The general decrease in the average level of prices of the goods and services in an economy
How is Inflation measured? Consumer Price Index (CPI)? A measure of the cost of a fixed market basket of consumer goods and services
The CPI is a market basket of 364 items at 21,000 establishments in 91 cities that the typical householder buys. It does not include exports because we do not buy exports but does include imports. About 55% of the CPI is services.
CPI in Indonesia
Since June 2008, the CPI calculation uses base year of 2007 (2007 = 100) and covers 66 cities. The data cover 284 - 441 goods and services which are classified into seven expenditure groups namely: 1. food; prepared food, beverage, 2. cigarette & tobacco; 3. housing, water, electricity, gas & fuel; 4. clothing; 5. health; 6. education, recreation & sports; and 7.transport, communication & financial services.
CPI =
Figuring CPI
Consumers in this economy buy only two goodshot dogs & hamburgers. Step 1. Fix the basket. What percent of income is spent on each. Consumers in this economy buy a basket of:
Which of the following can be concluded about the CPI for this individual from 2000 to 2001? a. It remained unchanged. c. it decreased by 20% b. It decreased by 25%. d. It increased by 20% e. It increased by 25%.
(Answer)
Year 1 [2000]: [5 food x $6 = $30; 2 clothing x $7 = $14; 3 shelters x $12 = $36, for dollar value of $80. CPI = 100 ($80/$80 x 100 = 100 for 2000)] Year 2 [2001]: [5 food x $5 = $25; 2 clothing x $9 = $18; 3 shelters x $19 = $57, for value of $100. CPI =125 ($100/$80 x 100 = 125% for 2001)] So, the CPI increased by 25%.
If the value of the CPI equals 120, what does this mean?
The fixed market basket of goods costs 20% more than in the base period of time
President Herbert Hoovers salary in 1931 was $75,000. That would be equivalent to $900,000 today. George Bush is being paid $400,000 a year. President Kennedy was paid $100,000 in 62 [$650,000 today] $80,000=$1 M
John D. Rockefellers [1839-1937] wealth would be worth $200 billion in todays money, or 4 times that of Bill Gates. Although Rockefeller was worth $200 billion, he could not watch TV, play video games, surf the internet, or send email to his grandkids. For most of his life, he could not use AC, travel by car or plane, use a telephone to call friends, or take advantage of antibiotics to prolong & enhance life.
Perhaps the average American today is richer than the richest American a century ago.
GDP Deflator more broad GDP Deflator includes prices for all goods that we produce:
1.What householders are buying 2.What businesses are buying 3.What the government is buying 4.What foreigners are buying [does not include imports because we dont produce imports]
UK National Statistics
in United Kingdom
Creditors lose
Lenders are paid back with inflated dollars (dollars that are worth less)
Income does not keep up with prices - standard of living goes down. Exception if fixed income is INDEXED to inflation (CPI)
GDP = $1,000
Year
Nominal GDP
(unadjusted for Price Change)
GDP Deflator
Real GDP
(adjusted for Price Change)
1999
2000 2001 2002 2003
.50
.75 .75 1.00 1.50
1,000
1,000 1,200 1,100 1,150
Nominal GDP = Price of G&S x Quantity of G &S GDP Deflator = Current Price/Base Year Price Real GDP = Nominal GDP/GDP Deflator X 100
1% to 4% 5% to 8%
Increased