EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON VORTEX FLOW

By K DURGA DEVI 101D61003

Under the Guidance of Dr. P. Lovaraju Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, LBRCE, Mylavaram

NEED OF VORTEX

Vortex dynamics play an important role in all the three transport processes. Therefore, vortex manipulation is the key for the efficiency of any device that involves mixing. A mixing process involving more than two streams or two species should have an appropriate combination of large and small vortices for efficient mixing. large vortex structures are efficient suction creators, but they are highly unstable and easily get fragmented into small vortices. Small vortices are stable and could travel long distances in a flow field, but because of their small size, they are poor suction creators.

It is understood that an appropriate proportion of large and small vortices are essential for efficient mixing, identifying such a proportion and generating the desired sizes of large and small structures is much more important. The vortex size and its management are essential for applications involving mass entrainment and mixing. An attempt is made to visualize and measure the size of vortices is required.

VORTEX

Is a spinning, often turbulent , flow of fluid. Any spiral motion with closed streamlines is vortex flow.
The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex.

TYPES
Free (irrotational) vortex Forced (rotational) vortex

The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid in a free (irrotational) vortex are greatest at the center, and decrease progressively with distance from the center. The speed of a forced (rotational) vortex is zero at the center and increases proportional to the distance from the center

vortex can be seen in the spiraling motion of air or liquid around a center of rotation. The circular current of water of conflicting tides often form vortex shapes. Turbulent flow makes many vortices. A good example of a vortex is the atmospheric phenomenon of a whirlwind or a tornado or dust devil . This whirling air mass mostly takes the form of a helix, column, or spiral.

In this paper presents an experimental investigation on suppression of cross-flow vibrations of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement studied. To suppress the vibrations of the cylinders, tripping wires were deployed. Five spacing ratios were examined ,i.e., L/D = 0.1,0.3,0.8,2.0and3.2. Tripping wire position measured from th eleading stagnation lines of the cylinders was changed from 200 to 600.

In Regime A ( = 200400), the boundary layers separated from the tripping wires reattached on the cylinder surface behind, and then separation from the cylinder surface occurred. In Regime B ( = 450600), the boundary layers separated from the cylinder surface sufficiently upstream of the tripping wires , and the presence of the tripping wires forced the separated boundary layers to deflect outwards. Resulting in enhanced vortex shedding and an enlarged timeaveraged drag, fluctuating drag and lift on the cylinder. Subsequently the shear layers separated from the upstream cylinder reattach on the downstream cylinder, without rolling up to form Karman vortices, thus producing no vibration.

Fig shows the response characteristics of the two cylinders with tripping wires attached for the five regimes. Data without tripping wires (plain cylinders) are also included in the figure. For each L/D, results with varying from 200 to 600 are also given. A number of observations can be made The cylinders do not vibrate for = 200 and 300 in Regimes IIV Both cylinders vibrate in all regimes for = 400600, specially the upstream cylinder, whose vibration becomes divergent at = 400 for all regimes. The down stream cylinder vibration also becomes divergent at = 450 and 600 in Regime I and 600 in Regime II. The tripping wires are in effective for the range of examined to suppress the vibration of the cylinders in Regime V.

There is no vortex shedding from the plain cylinders or the cylinders with tripping wires attached at = 300 Fig. shows the flow structures around the two cylinders(L/ D = 0.3) with tripping wires attached at = 300 and400 ,for one complete cycle of the upstream cylinder vibration. The shear layers separating from the upstream cylinder do not roll up to form vortices behind the cylinders at = 300but do at = 400. As a result, a strong vibration is generated on the two cylinders. [1]

This paper presents studies of vortex shedding mechanisms in a single bluff body and two dual bluff body combination. These studies are based on video imaging of vortex shedding in open channel flow. The vortex mechanism for a typical half cycle is presented in six stages. The combinations were tested at a channel width D of 200 mm, a channel depth of 47.5 mm and a water mass flow rate of 0.612 kg/s. This gave a mean channel velocity of 0.064 mm, a channel Reynolds number of 12 800 and a body Reynolds number of 1920.

The bluff body combinations tested are shown in Figure

Fig. (af) shows six stages in the mechanism for S between the reversal and the reversal in the flow at the rear of the bluff body.

Flow at rear of body reverses anticlockwise to clockwise . Flow of RH boundary layers moving into the RH vortex is about to stop as it becomes detached. Anticlockwise vortex about to move downwards to form the left-hand (LH) vortex. Flow at rear clockwise. Clockwise vortex starting to form on right, i.e. C flow. LH boundary layers flow into LH vortex. RH layers starting to move left, i.e. B flow starting.

As for (b) with clockwise vortex continuing to develop, RH layers moving further left as the flow develops. As for (c) with a clockwise vortex developing further, also RH layers moving further to left . LH layers still moving into the LH vortex. As for (d), LH layers still moving into LH vortex but RH layers moving left are about to cut off this flow of off.

Referring to Fig. 8(af, Dual combination A+B) the six stages in a half cycle are as follows.

Examination of cycles for single S body with very long periods shows that the above detachment process may be delayed. The RH layers becomes temporarily attached to the circulation and rotate with it so that they cannot move to the left to cutoff the flow into the LH vortex. These layers subsequently become detached from the circulation. Examination of cycles for (A+ B) body A clockwise gap flow is established, this gap flow is often slow and uncertain, some of it is entrained by the circulation. This increases the size and angular momentum of the circulation so that it is now sufficiently strong to entrain inner LH layers. This does not occur in the single bluff body S

Examination of cycles for (A+ I) body, The gap flow is observed to be generally more certain and has higher velocity than for A+B, also it grows and decays more quickly. This is a consequence of the gap geometry offering a greater restriction to flow. Also all of the gap flow is entrained in the clockwise circulation, the gap flow layers rotate with the circulation inside the RH layers The circulation is grow more quickly so that LH layers are more quickly entrained . This entrainment is far more effective than in A+B, inner LH layers rotate around the circulation moving right to the rear of the combination(2)

Twin vortex behind the plate is formed at Reynolds numbers which are much higher than that for a circular cylinder. This indicate the dominate role played by the reverse flow on the vortex formation, the vortex size behind the arc plate is found to be smaller than the a comparable flat plate at identical flow conditions. It implies that the base smoothness's reduces the strength of the reverse flow. The vortex formation behind the flat and arc plates is dicated by the pressure hill around the forward stagnation location and shape of the gradual geometry behind the edge

For the plate, the edges are sharp with out any gradual change in curvature. Due to the low pressure region formed at the rear. This low pressure level reaches a certain minimum at which pressure at the base is lower thant that downstream of the vortices, the flow just behind the vortex begins to towards the plate, establishing a reverse flow. During this process, depending on the plate length and flow Reynolds number, the vortex formation behind the plate is due to up stream flow rolling at the edges due the reverse flow. Thus there appears to be a limiting situation at which the vortex formation is dominated by the reverse flow

It is found that, the low pressure caused by the vortices due to roll- in of the upstream flow induces a reverse flow to wards the plate base. The vortex size behind the arc is found to be smaller than that behind a comparable flat plate at identical flow conditions. It implies that the, smooth base reduces the strength of the reverse flow.[3]

In addition to the design of bodies in streamlined shapes to reduce the wake width, many ideas for controlling boundary layer separation or the structure of eddies near the bodies have been developed. Drag reduction of a hollow circular cylinder which has rows of holes along its axis. The mechanism of drag reduction due to these small holes is discussed here.

The dye was sucked into a hollow cylinder at the front holes, and ejected to the wake region through the rear holes for attack angles 20 60 . On the other hand, for 80 the dye initially inside the hollow cylinder was sucked out into the wake region from upper rows and lower rows of holes alternately. For an attack angle 0, the pressure difference between the front and rear surfaces of the cylinder is reduced because of the presence of the holes. For medium attack angles 0 60 , pressure difference between the front and rear surfaces of the cylinder is also reduced. Thus a total reduction of 40% of CD is achieved.

For attack angle 80 the boundary layer separation point shifts either forward or backward across the hole, which greatly influences the departure and the roll-over of eddies. This will be the cause of very large CD fluctuation. This result seems to suggest that the flow around the cylinder with slits with large attack angles is similar to that of a semicircular arc or semi-circular cylinder, in which the boundary layer separations are fixed at the sharp edges of the arc.[4]

Flow characteristics around the square cylinder and their influence on the wake properties are studied. Vortex shedding characteristics are measured by a singlewire hot-wire anemometer. The subcritical, supercritical, and wedge flows according to the prominently different features of the topological flow patterns. In the subcritical regime (0 15 ), the boundary layers separate from the leading edges of the lateral faces of the square cylinder and never reattach to the surfaces.

In-between the separated boundary layers and the lateral faces, small dual-ring bubbles exist near the leading edges of the lateral faces. In the super critical regime (15 45 ), ), the separated boundary layer on the lateral surface facing wind ward reattaches to the surface and hence forms are circulation bubble. the separated boundary layer never reattaches to the surface; instead, a shallow and wide recirculation bubble covering the rear part of the surface is formed. The change of the flow patterns on the lateral surfaces at the critical incidence angle reduce the wake width to a minimum, which contributes to a maximum Strouhal number and a minimum drag coefficient.(5)

REFERENCES

Lei Shi, Zhibin Yu, Artur J. Jaworski, Vortex shedding flow patterns and their transitions in oscillatory flows past parallel-plate thermoacoustic stacks, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34 (2010) 954965. J.P. Bentley , J.W. Mudd, Vortex shedding mechanisms in single and dual bluff bodies, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 14 (2003) 2331. Y. Takama, K.Suzuki, E. Rathakrishnan, Visulazation And Size Measurement Of Vortex Shed By Flat Arc Plates In An Uniform Flow, International review of aerospace Engineering(I.RE.AS.E),Vol.1,N.1February 2008.

Yoshio Yajima, Osamu Sano, A note on the drag reduction of a circular cylinder
due to double rows of holes, R.F. Huanga, , B.H.Lina, S.C.Yenb , Time-averaged topological flow patterns and their influence on vortex shedding of a square cylinder in crossflow at incidence , Journal of Fluids and Structures 26 (2010) 406429 .