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Historical/Biographical Approach
views literature as the reflection of an author's life and times (or of the characters' life and times). it is necessary to know about the author and the political, economical, and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand his works.
Historical/Biographical Approach
Advantages: works well for some which are obviously political or biographical in nature. places allusions in their proper classical, political, or biblical background. Disadvantages: "the intentional fallacy" tends to reduce art to the level of biography and make it relative (to the times) rather than universal.
Application
What are some historical or biographical elements we might examine in a discussion of our current novel?
Application
What are some moral or philosophical elements we might examine in a discussion of our current novel?
Application
What are some formal elements we might examine in a discussion of our current novel?
Psychoanalytical Approach
views works through the lens of psychology looks either at the psychological motivations of the characters or of the authors themselves most frequently applies Freudian psychology to works, but other approaches also exist.
Sex is Everything
Freud believed that all human behavior is motivated by sexuality Oedipus complex: a boy's unconscious rivalry with his father for the love of his mother Electra complex: a girls unconscious rivalry with her mother for the love of her father (a.k.a. daddy issues)
Freudian Imagery
Recognizes symbols that are linked to sexual pleasure concave images, such as ponds, flowers, cups, and caves as female symbols phallic symbols, objects that are longer than they are wide, are male images dancing, riding, and flying are associated with sexual pleasure water is usually associated with birth, the female principle, the maternal, the womb, and the death wish.
Psychoanalytical Approach
Advantages: can be a useful tool for understanding some works in which characters obviously have psychological issue knowing something about a writer's psychological make-up can give us insight into his work. Disadvantages: can turn a work into a psychological case study sometimes attempts to diagnose long dead authors based on their works tends to see sex in everything, exaggerating this aspect of literature some works do not lend themselves readily to this approach.
Application
What are some psychological or psychoanalytical elements we might examine in a discussion of our current novel?
Archetypal Approach
assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs (i.e. archetypes) that evokes basically the same response in all people identifies these patterns and discusses how they function in the works asserts that these archetypes are the source of much of literature's power.
Archetypal Approach
based on the theories of psychologist Carl Jung he states that mankind possesses a "collective unconscious" that contains these archetypes and that is common to all of humanity
Some Archetypes
archetypal women - the Good Wife/Mother, the Terrible Mother, the Virgin (often a Damsel in Distress), and the Fallen Woman. water - creation, birth-death-resurrection, purification, redemption, fertility, growth garden - paradise (Eden), innocence, fertility desert - spiritual emptiness, death, hopelessness red - blood, sacrifice, passion, disorder green - growth, fertility black - chaos, death, evil serpent - evil, sensuality, mystery, wisdom, destruction seven - perfection hero archetype - The hero is involved in a quest (in which he overcomes obstacles). He experiences initiation (involving a separation, transformation, and return), and finally he serves as a scapegoat, that is, he dies to atone.
Archetypal Approach
Advantages: provides a universalistic approach to literature and identifies a reason why certain literature may survive the test of time it works well with works that are highly symbolic Disadvantages: literature may become a vehicle for archetypes may ignore the "art" of literature
Application
What are some archetypal elements we might examine in a discussion of our current novel?
Feminist Approach
concerned with the impact of gender on writing and reading usually begins with a critique of patriarchal culture concerned with the place of female writers concerned with the roles of female characters within works often argues that male fears are portrayed through female characters may argue that gender determines everything, or just the opposite: that all gender differences are imposed by society, and gender determines nothing.
Feminist Approach
Advantages: redresses the problem of under representation seeks to provide a more realistic portrayal of women within a text examines the power struggle between the sexes. Disadvantages: can turn literary criticism into a political battlefield can overlook the merits of works they consider "patriarchal"
Application
What are some gender-based elements we might examine in a discussion of our current novel?
Application
What are your personal responses to this novel? Are there certain elements you respond to strongly or with which you identify?
Marxist Approach
Karl Marx perceived human history to have consisted of a series of struggles between classes--between the oppressed and the oppressing. Marx thought that materialism was the ultimate driving force in history, a notion involving the distribution of resources, gain, and production
Marxist Approach
Feudalism exploits workers to the point of revolt This leads to bourgeois capitalism In bourgeois capitalism, the privileged bourgeoisie rely on the working proletariat Workers are exploited to the point of revolt